《Nature》目录要览:2010年11月18日出版
时间:2010-11-27 阅读: 我要评论:
《Nature》目录要览:2010年11月18日出版
[自然要览]
(选自英国Nature杂志,2010年11月18日出版)
封面故事:冰岛火山喷发的前兆
Intrusion triggering of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull explosive eruption
今年4月使欧洲空运陷入混乱的火山灰是由冰岛火山排放出的,该火山此前已间歇性地活跃了约18年。研究人员将基于空间的详细大地测量结果与对Eyjafjallajökull火山在产生大量火山灰的最终喷发前一段时间的地震监测数据结合起来,发现了可能是由其处在断层附近的环境(这种环境有温度相对较低的地表下结构,而且在浅层 的岩浆有限)造成的异常变形模式。就该火山这种戏剧化的重新觉醒的可预测性而言,在2010年该火山的最初 喷发将要发生前的短期喷发前兆非常微妙,难以检测, 但在此之前的几个星期、几个月和几年时间里有关该火 山不稳定的明显迹象,也许可以为将要发生的那次灾难 性喷发提供更好线索。(Letter p. 426)图片提供:Fredrik Holm
WIMP暗物质何时能够观测到?(Now or never for WIMPs?)
The moment of truth for WIMP dark matter
粒子物理学家对暗物质的问题提出了几十种不同答案: 暗物质构成宇宙中所有物质的85%,但我们仍不知道它到 底是什么。在关于暗物质性质的不同提法中,WIMPs(弱 相互作用大质量粒子)正吸引人们特别的注意,因为它 们是从寻求延伸粒子物理标准模型的新理论自然而来 的。在本期Nature上的一篇Review文章中,Gianfranco Bertone解 释了为什么他认为关于WIMP暗物质的真理时刻已经到 来。如果位于欧洲核子研究中心的“大型强子对撞 机”和目前正在进行的新一代天体粒子物理学实验无法 在今后十年观测到WIMPs,他认为,已经远远滞后的物理 学新时代将会再停滞20年或更长时间,到那个时候,新 一代粒子对撞机也许就会问世。(Review p. 389)
生成大脑中命令链的神经机制(Neuronal sequence generation chain of command)
Support for a synaptic chain model of neuronal sequence generation
大脑中决定序列生成的神经机制的性质仍是神经科学中 一个没有得到回答的基本问题。鸣禽大脑中运动前区中 的单个神经元能根据鸣叫声的动态发出协调的、在时间 上精确的脉冲,因此这种鸟为这方面的研究提供了一个 理想模型。现在,Long等人报告了一个技术上的“绝 活”:对鸣叫的鸟的HVC神经元进行细胞内记录,这使他 们能够验证关于脉冲产生的模型。他们发现,在脉冲发 生前5-10毫秒,膜电势迅速去极化。这个发现与HVC神经 元形成突触连接链的模型是一致的。(Article p. 394)
识别茉莉素植物激素的受体(Three-part receptor for jasmonate plant hormones)
Jasmonate perception by inositol-phosphate-potentiated COI1–JAZ co- receptor
几种重要植物激素的受体最近几年已被发现,包括植物 生长素(茁长素)、赤霉素和脱落酸的受体,而且结 构-功能研究也显示了它们的作用机制。现在,植物细 胞识别“茉莉素植物激素”(生长调控、发育和防卫响 应中的关键成分)也已被发现。茉莉素受体是一个三分 子复合物,由F-box 蛋白 COI1、一个JAZ (JASMONATE ZIM-domain) 转录抑制因子和“肌醇戊基磷酸盐”(inositol pentakisphosphate)组成。所有三个成分都是高亲和性激素结 合所必需的。用于茉莉素识别的这个体系涉及与迄今所 研究的其他植物激素的机制截然不同的机制,尽管它们 都取决于由激素调控的蛋白相互作用。(Article p. 400)
另外一种DNA修复机制(An alternative DNA repair mechanism)
An unprecedented nucleic acid capture mechanism for excision of DNA damage
被烷基化或脱氨基的DNA碱基,在一个保护基因组完整 性、但同时又会干预癌症烷基化疗法的过程中被DNA糖基 化酶(修复酶)清除。迄今所研究的DNA糖基化酶采用一 个被修饰的碱基插入活性点的机制。现在,最近发现的 DNA糖基化酶AlkD的结构已被确定,并且也显示了一个非 常不同的机制。按这种机制,被修饰的碱基从一个“螺 旋外”位置伸出,这个位置只使N3- 和N7-被烷基化的碱 基发生解理。DNA与AlkD的串联HEAT重复段的相互作用使DNA 骨干发生扭曲,从而使“非Watson–Crick碱基对”能够被 检测到。AlkD酶在细菌、古细菌、植物和真核生物中普 遍存在,这便提出了一个有趣的问题:为什么消除基因 组烷基化损伤会有另一种机制?(Article p. 406)
由甲虫启发研制出的新型手性材料(With the beetles: new chiral nematic materials)
Free-standing mesoporous silica films with tunable chiral nematic structures
在自然界,一些甲虫壳由于构成甲虫外骨骼的壳质的手 性组织而表现出彩虹色。受甲虫壳中所见到的设计原理 的启发,Mark Maclachlan及其同事制造出了有螺旋孔的玻璃 薄膜,这些螺旋孔是利用一种可再生的纤维素模板引入 的。手性结构使该材料能够选择性地反射某一特定波长 的光;该波长可通过在合成过程中改变二氧化硅对纤维 素的比例来在整个可见光范围内调整。该材料可以独立 存在,而在吸收水后会使其结构立即变成无色,尽管颜 色在该材料干后还会恢复。这些材料中手性、中孔性和 光子性能的新颖组合意味着,它们在如新型涂层、智能 窗户、传感器和显示器等各种不同应用中也许会有用武 之地。(Letter p. 422; News & Views)
基于捕捞量的渔业资源数据会误导人(Catch-based fisheries data can mislead)
The trophic fingerprint of marine fisheries
人们常说,工业化的渔业生产是“从上向下破坏海洋食 物链”的:先将食物链顶端的捕食者(如金枪鱼)捕捞 干净,然后再瞄准它们的猎物(以浮游植物为食者,如 牡蛎和沙丁鱼)。但从上往下涉及海洋生态系统不同营 养层的新的全球数据,几乎没有显示关于这种模式的资 源顺序性枯竭的任何证据。相反,对根据所报告的捕捞 量做出的关于广泛采用的海洋指标“平均营养水 平”(MTL)的模型预测结果与生态系统实际MTL所做比较显 示,捕捞强度在海洋食物链所有水平上都加大了。这个 趋势会被基于捕捞量的数据的采用而掩盖,而且如果要 对未来渔业资源的破坏和恢复进行准确监测的话,我们 可能需要将焦点从基于捕捞量的指标转向利用科学调查 和模型所进行的对真正丰度的跟踪。(Letter p. 431; News & Views)
气候在性别决定中的作用(Sex determined by climate)
Climate-driven population divergence in sex-determining systems
在脊椎动物中,性别既可以由遗传来决定,也可以由胚 胎所感受到的温度来决定,但这种变化的演化原因仍然 不是很清楚。Pen等人发现,在其生活范围的不同极端气 候条件下,胎生蜥蜴会采用不同的性别决定机制——在 低地用温度来决定,在高海拔用基因型来决定。关于由 海拔来决定性别的趋异化自然选择是由气候对蜥蜴生活 史的影响以及年际温度波动幅度的变化引起的。这些结 果为性别决定体系中的物种内差异确定了一种适应性解 释。(Letter p. 436)
细菌中的接触毒素(Contact toxins in bacteria)
A widespread family of polymorphic contact-dependent toxin delivery systems in bacteria
首次于5年前在大肠杆菌中发现的“依赖于接触的生长 抑制” (CDI),是“细胞到细胞接触”用来抑制没有这一 体系的细菌细胞生长的一个机制。CDI由“二伙伴”分泌 蛋白CdiA 和 CdiB调控,一个小的免疫蛋白CdiI保护其不受 自身抑制作用影响。现在CDI中所涉及的一些相互作用已 经搞清:CdiA的毒性被限制在该蛋白的羧基端(CdiA-CT)。 对大肠杆菌其他菌种和细菌物种所做的搜索显示这个体 系是广泛存在的,一系列细菌含有一个或多个CdiA同源 染色体,其中有不同的CdiA-CT毒素序列。这些发现表 明,CDI体系构成一个错综复杂的免疫网络,在环境中的 细菌生长竞争中发挥一个重要功能。(Letter p. 439)
免疫蛋白“perforin”的功能及微孔的形成(Perforin and pore formation)
The structural basis for membrane binding and pore formation by lymphocyte perforin
能够形成微孔的免疫蛋白“perforin”是消除被病毒感染 的细胞及癌变细胞所必需的,由自然杀手及细胞毒性T- 细胞释放。现在,一种“perforin”单聚物(小鼠perforin R213E)的结构已被确定。对该结构所做分析同时结合对 低聚孔的一个冷电子显微镜重建结果表明,这个孔内 的“perforin”单聚物与依赖于胆固醇的溶细胞素在结构 上同源的单聚物相比采用一种“内面向外”的取向。这 种新颖的适应性也许可解释“perforin”是怎样将支持细 胞凋亡的蛋白酶(granzymes)送入目标细胞中的以及相关的 互补免疫蛋白是怎样组装成微孔的。(Letter p. 447)
逃避先天性宿主抗病毒反应的机制(Evasion of host antivrial mechanisms)
2′-O methylation of the viral mRNA cap evades host restriction by IFIT family members
很多细胞和病毒信使RNA是在5´鸟苷帽的2´-O位置被甲基 化的。这种修饰在病毒感染中的作用一直不清楚。现 在,Michael Diamond及其同事发现,这种形式的甲基化能使 几种不相关的病毒通过逃避由干扰素刺激的基因所产生 的抑制来逃避先天性宿主抗病毒反应。这为细胞mRNA 的 2´-O端甲基化提出一个演化解释:它也许能够在感染条 件下将自身RNA与非自身RNA区分开来。专门抑制胞质病毒 2´-O端甲基转移酶的药理性试剂也许有广谱抗病毒活 性。(Letter p. 452)
让长春花生成氯化生物碱的方法(Gilding the periwinkle)
Integrating carbon–halogen bond formation into medicinal plant metabolism
药用植物能产生各种不同的在结构上很复杂、在制药上 很重要的产物,但能生成的卤化物相对却较少。Runguphan 等人通过将负责土壤细菌中氯化的生物合成机制引入长 春花(Catharanthus roseus)的基因组而弥补了这一缺陷。原核 卤化酶在植物细胞中发挥功能,生成色氨酸,后者再被 单萜吲哚生物碱代谢通道利用来生成氯化生物碱。 (Letter p. 461)
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NEWS & VIEWS
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Chemical biology: Synthetic metabolism goes green
Joseph P. Noel
An extension of synthetic biology to a medicinal plant involves the transfer of chlorination equipment from bacteria. This exercise adds implements to the enzymatic toolbox for generating natural products.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/468380a.html
Quantum physics: Entangled quartet
Vladan Vuletic
Quantum physics is known for its counter-intuitive principles. One such principle [mdash] that a single photon can be in as many as four places at the same time [mdash] has now been demonstrated.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/468384a.html
Reproductive ageing: Of worms and women
Kevin Flurkey and David E. Harrison
In roundworms, age-related decline in egg quality is regulated by specific humoral signalling pathways. If similar mechanisms operate in mammals, these findings may suggest ways to delay reproductive ageing in women.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/468386a.html
Spectroscopy: Clear signals from surfaces
Robert G. Griffin
Nuclear magnetic resonance is a versatile analytical technique, but acquiring well-resolved NMR spectra of chemical surfaces has been hard. The coming of age of a spectral enhancement method should change all that.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/468381a.html
Neuroscience: Excessive mobility interrupted
Lorenz Studer
Mobile DNA sequences called L1 contribute to the brain's genetic heterogeneity and may affect neuron function. The protein MeCP2, which is mutated in Rett syndrome, seems to regulate the activity of these genomic elements.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/468383a.html
Fisheries: Measuring biodiversity in marine ecosystems
Joseph E. Powers
The use of catch data to determine indicators of biodiversity such as 'mean trophic level' does not adequately measure ecosystem changes induced by fishing. Improved ways to assess those changes are required.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/468385a.html
Materials chemistry: Thin films with a hidden twist
Andreas Stein
Many naturally occurring substances have a 'handedness' that enables them to interact highly specifically with matter or light. The helical features responsible for this can now be replicated in solid, porous films.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/468387a.html
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REVIEW
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The moment of truth for WIMP dark matter
Gianfranco Bertone
We know that dark matter constitutes 85 per cent of all the matter in the Unive...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09509.html
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ARTICLES
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Support for a synaptic chain model of neuronal sequence generation
Michael A. Long, Dezhe Z. Jin and Michale S. Fee
In songbirds, the remarkable temporal precision of song is generated by a spars...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09514.html
Jasmonate perception by inositol-phosphate-potentiated COI1-JAZ co- receptor
Laura B. Sheard, Xu Tan, Haibin Mao, John Withers, Gili Ben-Nissan et al.
Jasmonates are a family of plant hormones that regulate plant growth, developme...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09430.html
An unprecedented nucleic acid capture mechanism for excision of DNA damage
Emily H. Rubinson, A. S. Prakasha Gowda, Thomas E. Spratt, Barry Gold and Brandt F. Eichman
DNA glycosylases that remove alkylated and deaminated purine nucleobases are es...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09428.html
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LETTERS
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Entanglement of spin waves among four quantum memories
K. S. Choi, A. Goban, S. B. Papp, S. J. van Enk and H. J. Kimble
Quantum networks are composed of quantum nodes that interact coherently through...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09568.html
Quantum tunnelling of the magnetization in a monolayer of oriented single-molecule magnets
M. Mannini, F. Pineider, C. Danieli, F. Totti, L. Sorace et al.
A fundamental step towards atomic- or molecular-scale spintronic devices has re...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09478.html
Free-standing mesoporous silica films with tunable chiral nematic structures
Kevin E. Shopsowitz, Hao Qi, Wadood Y. Hamad and Mark J. MacLachlan
Chirality at the molecular level is found in diverse biological structures, suc...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09540.html
Intrusion triggering of the 2010 Eyjafjallajokull explosive eruption
Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Sigrun Hreinsdottir, Andrew Hooper, Thora Arnadottir, Rikke Pedersen et al.
Gradual inflation of magma chambers often precedes eruptions at highly active v...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09558.html
The trophic fingerprint of marine fisheries
Trevor A. Branch, Reg Watson, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Simon Jennings, Carey R. McGilliard et al.
Biodiversity indicators provide a vital window on the state of the planet, guid...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09528.html
Climate-driven population divergence in sex-determining systems
Ido Pen, Tobias Uller, Barbara Feldmeyer, Anna Harts, Geoffrey M. While et al.
Sex determination is a fundamental biological process, yet its mechanisms are r...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09512.html
A widespread family of polymorphic contact-dependent toxin delivery systems in bacteria
Stephanie K. Aoki, Elie J. Diner, Claire t/'Kint de Roodenbeke, Brandt R. Burgess, Stephen J. Poole et al.
Bacteria have developed mechanisms to communicate and compete with one another ...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09490.html
L1 retrotransposition in neurons is modulated by MeCP2
Alysson R. Muotri, Maria C. N. Marchetto, Nicole G. Coufal, Ruth Oefner, Gene Yeo et al.
Long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1 or L1s) are abundant retrotranspos...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09544.html
The structural basis for membrane binding and pore formation by lymphocyte perforin
Ruby H. P. Law, Natalya Lukoyanova, Ilia Voskoboinik, Tom T. Caradoc- Davies, Katherine Baran et al.
Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes accomplish the critically impo...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09518.html
2[prime]-O methylation of the viral mRNA cap evades host restriction by IFIT family members
Stephane Daffis, Kristy J. Szretter, Jill Schriewer, Jianqing Li, Soonjeon Youn et al.
Cellular messenger RNA (mRNA) of higher eukaryotes and many viral RNAs are meth...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09489.html
Molecular coupling of Tsix regulation and pluripotency
Pablo Navarro, Andrew Oldfield, Julie Legoupi, Nicola Festuccia, Agnes Dubois et al.
The reprogramming of X-chromosome inactivation during the acquisition of plurip...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09496.html
Integrating carbon-halogen bond formation into medicinal plant metabolism
Weerawat Runguphan, Xudong Qu and Sarah E. O/'Connor
Halogenation, which was once considered a rare occurrence in nature, has now be...
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v468/n7322/full/nature09524.html
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