《Nature》目录要览：2009年7月2日出版
时间：2009-07-04 阅读： 我要评论:
《Nature》目录要览：2009年7月2日出版
封面故事：多篇干细胞研究论文在本期发表
Cover caption
在本期Nature上，干细胞研究占大量篇幅。 关于干细胞用于修复受损心脏细胞的潜
力，人们发表了很多文章。在本期Nature第113页上，研究人员描述了来自人胎儿心
脏、能够生成所有主要心脏细胞类型的一组心血管祖细胞。在一篇“特别报道”文章
中，作者对这一进展的意义进行了分析。本期封面图片所示为包裹在一层再生细胞中的
一个心脏，该图片来自Nature上曾经发表过的一项研究（Nature 445, 177–182;
2007），它表明，“胸腺素β4”会将来自心脏外层的祖细胞引导到组织修复点上。在
一篇综述文章中，Shinya Yamanaka对三年前从其实验室里培育出之后一直是热门话题
的“iPS细胞”进行了分析（第49页）。本期Nature上的其他研究论文包括：使范康尼
贫血细胞不再致病（第53页）；研究发现，蝾螈肢再生并不要求完全“去分化”成一种
多能状态（第60页等）；Wnt信号作用被与端粒酶联系了起来（第66页等）；不同层级
的多能因子被剖析清楚（第118页）；多能性与X-染色体沉默之间的联系被揭示（第128
页）。封面提供：Paul R. Riley
让细胞具有多能性的方法（iPS cells three years on）
Elite and stochastic models for induced pluripotent stem cell generation
三年前，Kazutoshi Takahashi 和 Shinya Yamanaka首次发现，来自“正常”体细胞的
“iPS细胞”（诱导多能干细胞）利用所定义的一些因子可以生成。在这三年里，人们
对这些细胞的兴趣一直非常高。然而，虽然它们通过少量因子的转染可以再生，但所转
染的细胞只有百分之几变成多能细胞，而且整个过程非常慢。在一篇从iPS出现之前开
始的综述文章中，Shinya Yamanaka集中介绍了iPS的生成机制以及它的生成过程效率
低、速度慢的原因。他最后提出了一个进行直接重新编程的模型，按照该模型，所有或
大多数细胞都有可能变成多能细胞。（Progress p. 49）
患者特异性“iPS细胞”的获得（Correcting Fanconi anaemia）
Disease-corrected haematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi anaemia induced
pluripotent stem cells
从特定患者身上提取“iPS细胞”的可行性及其作为特定疾病实验模型的价值几乎一年
前就已见诸报道。来自特定患者的“iPS细胞”还被认为具有很大治疗潜力，尽管过去
缺乏直接证据。现在，Raya等人发现，来自范康尼贫血患者的“iPS细胞”在纠正了基
因缺陷之后，可被重新编程，而产生具有患者特异性的“iPS细胞”，它们能产生属于
骨髓细胞系和类红细胞系的不含疾病的造血祖细胞。这些细胞对于细胞疗法有潜在价
值。（Article p. 53）
凭记忆完成的肢再生（Limb regeneration by memory）
Cells keep a memory of their tissue origin during axolotl limb regeneration
蝾螈是研究肢再生的一个强大模型。在肩与手之间任何部位所进行的截肢都会触发一个
祖细胞区的形成，这个祖细胞区称之为“芽基”，能再生缺失的部分。过去人们认为，
芽基细胞是在肢内通过细胞的“去分化”作用形成的。现在，对蝾螈再生组织的来源所
做的一项研究显示，芽基是由各种不同的受限的祖细胞构成的一个集合体，每种祖细胞
都保留着关于其组织来源的一个记忆。肢再生并不是通过完全“去分化”成多能状态实
现的，这一发现对于再生医学有潜在重要性。（Article p. 60; News & Views）
一个中等质量的黑洞（A mid-sized black hole）
An intermediate-mass black hole of over 500 solar masses in the galaxy ESO
243-49
在星际物质与超大质量黑洞之间，应当有一些质量介乎二者之间的黑洞。这些黑洞的质
量太大，因此它们不会是由大质量恒星的坍缩形成的；但同时它们的质量又太小，不会
在星系中心被发现。所以，它们被认为会在致密星团或球状星团中形成。此前，没有可
靠的观测证据来证明它们的存在。但是现在，黑洞世界中这个缺失的环节，可能已因一
个可变超亮X-射线源在竖立的螺旋星系ESO 243-39中的发现而被找到。这个射线源简称
为HLX-1，亮度极大，说明存在一个中等质量的黑洞，其质量超过太阳质量的500倍。
（Letter p. 73）
量子光学晶体管（Quantum optical transistors）
A single-molecule optical transistor
量子信息处理系统及相关技术很可能涉及纳米管等超小物体中的开关和放大功能。在今
天的电子器件中，晶体管来执行这些功能。传统晶体管在量子时代的对应物理想状态下
将会用光子、而不是电子作为信息载体，这是因为它们的速度快，抗脱散（去相干）能
力强。但抗脱散能力强也使得它们不容易被控制。现在，来自瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院
光学科学与技术网络（optETH）的一个小组做成了一个单分子光学晶体管。在该器件当
中，一个染料单分子相干性地减弱或放大一个聚焦度非常高的激光束，具体是减弱还是
放大则取决于第二个“门控”光束的强弱。（Letter p. 76; News & Views）
可实现非破坏性读取操作的FeRAM材料（Volatile memories）
Giant tunnel electroresistance for non-destructive readout of ferroelectric
states
在人们寻找非易失性存储器的替代技术的时候，将信息存储在一个铁电层上的FeRAM
（铁电随机存取存储器）是一个很有希望的候选对象。就功耗和耐用度而言，FeRAM类
材料的性能超过大多数其他非易失性存储器技术，但对目前的FeRAM类材料来说，其读
取操作是破坏性的，而且其可扩展性较差（原因是它们采用的是电容读出），因而它们
的应用受到了限制。Bibes等人发现，利用置于强张力下的一个钛酸钡薄层（厚度为1–
3纳米），仍能检测到巨大的电阻，即使是在这样薄的样本中。这使得检测穿过该薄层
的隧道电流、从而读出材料的极化状态、并且在此过程中不会破坏该材料成为可能。位
元的物理大小可以按比例缩小到能使这些器件达到很高密度（每平方英寸约25Gb）的程
度。（Letter p. 81; News & Views）
视觉对于目标的选择性（Selective viewing）
Neural mechanisms of rapid natural scene categorization in human visual
cortex
人对于快速发现他们视野中自己感兴趣的目标的存在非常熟练。在对健康志愿者所进行
的一项功能性磁共振成像研究中，研究人员给这些志愿者提供一系列照片，要他们从中
找出人物或汽车来，研究结果反映了视觉系统是怎样做到这一点的。人的大脑会快速判
断视野中任何地方是否有与自己正在试图完成的任务（不管这种任务是什么）有关的目
标，即便这些目标并不在视觉直接观察的区域内。有趣的是，该证据表明，与我们主观
上所体验到的对于外部世界的一种完全的内部再现相反的是，真实世界景观的神经再现
仅限于那些与正在发生的行为直接相关的目标。（Letter p. 94）
结核杆菌的一个新发现的致病机制（Tuberculosis virulence factor）
Cyclic AMP intoxication of macrophages by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis
adenylate cyclase
结核杆菌的一个以前人们不知道的致病机制已被发现：通过来自细菌的环AMP使宿主巨
噬细胞中毒。过去人们知道，结核杆菌会诱导被感染的巨噬细胞中环AMP水平增加；这
种环AMP现在被发现是由细菌腺苷酸环化酶产生的，有可能通过下游信号通道的激活来
增强毒性（致病力）。这种环AMP刺激宿主TNF-α（肿瘤坏死因子-α），会在被感染的
小鼠身上引起更大范围的肝病和更高的细菌存活率。这项工作显示，结核杆菌对信号传
导的干扰可能是抗结核药物的一个新的作用目标。（Letter p. 98）
多能ISL+心血管祖细胞（ISL1 progenitor are all heart）
Human ISL1 heart progenitors generate diverse multipotent cardiovascular
cell lineages
最近用小鼠进行的研究工作发现，多能胚胎isl1+（表达Islet 1）祖细胞能够对心脏中
所有主要细胞类型做出贡献。人心脏的生成被认为涉及比较多样化的通道。现在，一组
多样化的、具有多能性的人胎儿ISL+心血管祖细胞已在正在发育中的人心脏的右心房及
外流血管中被发现。将转基因及基因定向技术应用于人胚胎干细胞系之后发现，这些原
始祖细胞在分化成心脏中三大主要细胞类型（心肌细胞、平滑肌和内皮）之前能够自我
更新和扩展。这一发现对关于心血管疾病的人类模型的建立、甚至对人类再生医学都有
意义。（Letter p. 113; News）
多能性与X-染色体（Pluripotency and the X chromosome）
The pluripotency factor Oct4 interacts with Ctcf and also controls
X-chromosome pairing and counting
在干细胞分化及X-染色体失活（使一个雌性X-染色体沉默、以确保两性之间基因剂量对
等的过程）期间，染色质发生表观遗传重新编程而锁定在一个新状态。 将分化的细胞
重新编程为“iPS细胞”还会使失活的X-染色体被重新激活，而且曾有人提出，多能因
子Oct4联系着这两个过程。在这项研究中，Donohue等人发现，Oct4通过触发X染色体配
对和计数来调控X-染色体失活。Oct4与非编码RNA（Tsix 和 Xite）和蛋白（Ctcf 和
Yy1）都发生相互作用。这项工作表明，干细胞中的X-染色体的表观遗传重新编程涉及
一个复杂的网络。（Letter p. 128）
----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Developmental biology: A cellular view of regeneration pp39-40
How the salamander regrows an entire limb after injury has flummoxed
the wisest of scientists. A closer look at the cells involved in limb
regeneration shows that remembering past origins may be crucial for this
feat.
Alejandro Sanchez Alvarado
doi:10.1038/460039a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460039a.html
Biogeochemistry: Climatic plant power pp40-41
Levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide constrain vegetation types and
thus also non-biological uptake during rock weathering. That's the
reasoning used to explain why CO2 levels did not fall below a certain point
in the Miocene.
Yves Godderis and Yannick Donnadieu
doi:10.1038/460040a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460040a.html
Immunology: A metabolic switch to memory pp41-42
Two therapeutic drugs have been found to enhance memory in immune
cells called T cells, apparently by altering cellular metabolism. Are
changes in T-cell metabolism the key to generating long-lived immune memory?
Martin Prlic and Michael J. Bevan
doi:10.1038/460041a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460041a.html
Nanooptics: Photons pushed together pp42-44
Photons don't interact well with each other, which is a real headache
for researchers developing all-optical transistors for computing
applications. But a single molecule can mediate photon-photon affairs.
Michel Orrit
doi:10.1038/460042a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460042a.html
Cell biology: The not-so-odd couple pp44-45
Actively dividing cells do so at a risk [mdash] with each division,
chromosome ends tend to shorten. Pairing proteins that promote cell
division with a chromosome-end repair factor is a smart way to solve
this problem.
Sarah E. Millar
doi:10.1038/460044a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460044a.html
Applied physics: A leak of information pp45-46
As capacitors, the ubiquitous components of electronic circuitry, get
smaller, keeping them insulating is a challenge. But that's not necessarily
bad news [mdash] some conductivity might be just the thing for data storage.
Pavlo Zubko and Jean-Marc Triscone
doi:10.1038/460045a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460045a.html
Obituary: Robert Furchgott (1916-2009) p47
Nobel laureate who pioneered research into nitric oxide.
Solomon H. Snyder
doi:10.1038/460047a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460047a.html
----------------------
PROGRESS
----------------------
Elite and stochastic models for induced pluripotent stem cell generation
pp49-52
Shinya Yamanaka
doi:10.1038/nature08180
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08180.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08180.html
----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
Disease-corrected haematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi anaemia induced
pluripotent stem cells pp53-59
The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS
cells)
is thought to hold great therapeutic potential. Here, somatic cells from
Fanconi anaemia patients are reprogrammed to pluripotency after correction
of the genetic defect, generating patient-specific iPS cells.
Angel Raya et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08129
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08129.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08129.html
Cells keep a memory of their tissue origin during axolotl limb regeneration
pp60-65
By using an integrated GFP transgene to track the major limb tissues during
limb regeneration in the salamander Ambystoma mexicanum (the axolotl), it
has been possible to demonstrate that each limb tissue produces a different
set of progenitors with restricted potential. Thus, the blastema[mdash]the
collection of cells that regenerates the diverse tissues of the limb is
composed of a heterogeneous collection of restricted progenitor cells
instead of dedifferentiated pluripotent cells, as previously thought.
Martin Kragl et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08152
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08152.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08152.html
Telomerase modulates Wnt signalling by association with target gene
chromatin
pp66-72
The genetic pathways controlling stem cells are frequently dysregulated
during tumorigenesis, with either stimulation of Wnt/[beta]-catenin
signalling or overexpression of telomerase sufficient to activate epidermal
stem cells in vivo. Here, the telomerase protein component TERT (telomerase
reverse transcriptase) is shown to have a role as a transcriptional
modulator
of the Wnt/[beta]-catenin pathway, revealing a significant level of
integration between the two pathways.
Jae-Il Park et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08137
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08137.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08137.html
----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
An intermediate-mass black hole of over 500 solar masses in the galaxy ESO
243-49 pp73-75
Ultraluminous X-ray sources are extragalactic objects located outside the
nucleus of the host galaxy with bolometric luminosities exceeding 1039 erg
s-1.
These extreme luminosities imply the presence of an accreting black hole
with
a mass of [sim]102-105 solar masses, but the existence of such intermediate
mass black holes is in dispute. A variable X-ray source with an implied mass
of 500 solar masses is now reported in the galaxy ESO 243-49.
Sean A. Farrell et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08083
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08083.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08083.html
A single-molecule optical transistor pp76-80
The transistor is the most fundamental building block in present-day
technologies.
For the purpose of quantum information processing schemes and for the
development
of a 'quantum computer', photons are attractive information carriers because
of
their speed and robustness against decoherence. However, their robustness
also
prevents them from being easily controlled; despite this, experiments now
show
the realization of a quantum optical transistor.
J. Hwang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08134
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08134.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08134.html
Giant tunnel electroresistance for non-destructive readout of ferroelectric
states
pp81-84
As alternative technologies for non-volatile memory elements are looked at,
the
utilization of ferroelectric layers to read-write upon is seen as promising.
However, it is plagued by several problems, including a destructive readout
process. Now, by using a thin layer of BaTiO3 put under intense strain, it
has
been shown possible to read out the polarization state of the material
without
destroying it.
V. Garcia et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08128
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08128.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08128.html
The role of terrestrial plants in limiting atmospheric CO2 decline over the
past
24million years pp85-88
It is thought that the Earth's atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations did
not
fall below about 200-250 parts per million during the past 24 million years
despite the drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide by high rates of global
silicate
rock weathering. Simulations of terrestrial and geochemical carbon cycles
now
suggest that limited vegetation activity in regions of active mountain
ranges
effectively diminished biotic-driven silicate rock weathering and thereby
provided
a negative feedback mechanism to stabilize carbon dioxide concentrations.
Mark Pagani, Ken Caldeira, Robert Berner and David J. Beerling
doi:10.1038/nature08133
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08133.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08133.html
Seismic reflection images of a near-axis melt sill within the lower crust at the Juan de Fuca ridge pp89-93
The style of accretion of the lower oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges is disputed, with some models proposing that the lower oceanic crust is accreted from melt sills intruded at multiple levels within the lower crust. However, seismic images of such sills have been elusive; here, deep crustal seismic reflections off the southern Juan de Fuca ridge are interpreted as originating from a molten sill presently forming within the lower oceanic crust.
J. Pablo Canales et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08095
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08095.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08095.html
Neural mechanisms of rapid natural scene categorization in human visual cortex pp94-97
Human beings are able to rapidly detect the presence of object categories such as animals or vehicles, even when a scene is presented very briefly. The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging during an object categorization task now indicates that the rapid detection of categorical information in natural scenes is mediated by a category-specific biasing mechanism in object-selective cortex that operates across the visual field.
Marius V. Peelen, Li Fei-Fei and Sabine Kastner
doi:10.1038/nature08103
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08103.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08103.html
Cyclic AMP intoxication of macrophages by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis adenylate cyclase pp98-102
Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces a cyclic AMP (cAMP) burst within infected macrophages that influences cell signalling, but the underlying mechanism for this increase in cAMP remains unclear. It is now shown that it is produced by a bacterial adenylate cyclase that facilitates delivery of bacterial-derived cAMP into the macrophage cytoplasm, presumably enhancing virulence through the activation of downstream signalling pathways.
Nisheeth Agarwal et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08123
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08123.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08123.html
Enhancing CD8 T-cell memory by modulating fatty acid metabolism pp103-107
On antigen stimulation, CD8 T cells undergo a developmental program characterized by expansion and then contraction of antigen-specific effector (TE) populations, followed by the persistence of long-lived memory (TM) cells. During this transition, CD8 T cells are now shown to switch from glucose metabolism to fatty acid metabolism by a TRAF6-dependent mechanism.
Erika L. Pearce et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08097
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08097.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08097.html
mTOR regulates memory CD8 T-cell differentiation pp108-112
Inducing effective memory T-cell responses is a major goal of vaccines against chronic infections and tumours. Here, mTOR, the mammalian target for the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin, is shown to enhance the quantity and quality of virus-specific CD8 T cells in mouse and non-human primate models.
Koichi Araki et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08155
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08155.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08155.html
Human ISL1 heart progenitors generate diverse multipotent cardiovascular
cell
lineages pp113-117
Studying the mechanisms underlying the diversification of human heart cell lineages has been hampered by the lack of genetic tools to purify early cardiac progenitors and define their developmental potential. By using independent transgenic and gene-targeting approaches in human embryonic stem cell lines, it has now been possible to show that populations of these primordial progenitors are capable of self-renewal and expansion prior to differentiation into the three major cell types in the heart.
Lei Bu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08191
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08191.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08191.html
A parallel circuit of LIF signalling pathways maintains pluripotency of
mouse ES
cells pp118-122
The Jak-Stat3 pathway is known to mediate leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signals, maintaining pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells; however, it is unclear how LIF signals are linked to the core circuitry of pluripotency-associated transcription factors. Here it is shown that two LIF signalling pathways are each connected to the core circuitry by different transcription factors, indicating that there are parallel pathways controlling pluripotency.
Hitoshi Niwa, Kazuya Ogawa, Daisuke Shimosato and Kenjiro Adachi
doi:10.1038/nature08113
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08113.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08113.html
Genome-wide silencing in Drosophila captures conserved apoptotic effectors
pp123-127
Caspases, and the proximal regulators of caspases, are central to the core machinery of apoptosis. The results of a genome-wide silencing screen in Drosophila[mdash]using a strategy combining a library of double-stranded RNAs together with a chemical antagonist of Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) now reveals a set of validated targets necessary for cell death provoked by several stimuli, as well as a new effector for apoptosis, Tango7.
Su Kit Chew et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08087
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08087.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08087.html
The pluripotency factor Oct4 interacts with Ctcf and also controls
X-chromosome
pairing and counting pp128-132
During both stem cell differentiation and X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) of mouse embryonic stem cells, chromatin undergoes epigenetic reprogramming. XCI and cell differentiation are tightly coupled, with the blocking of one process compromising the other. The pluripotency factor, Oct4, is now shown to regulate XCI, and is the first identified factor that links both processes.
Mary E. Donohoe et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08098
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08098.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08098.html
Cover caption
在本期Nature上，干细胞研究占大量篇幅。 关于干细胞用于修复受损心脏细胞的潜
力，人们发表了很多文章。在本期Nature第113页上，研究人员描述了来自人胎儿心
脏、能够生成所有主要心脏细胞类型的一组心血管祖细胞。在一篇“特别报道”文章
中，作者对这一进展的意义进行了分析。本期封面图片所示为包裹在一层再生细胞中的
一个心脏，该图片来自Nature上曾经发表过的一项研究（Nature 445, 177–182;
2007），它表明，“胸腺素β4”会将来自心脏外层的祖细胞引导到组织修复点上。在
一篇综述文章中，Shinya Yamanaka对三年前从其实验室里培育出之后一直是热门话题
的“iPS细胞”进行了分析（第49页）。本期Nature上的其他研究论文包括：使范康尼
贫血细胞不再致病（第53页）；研究发现，蝾螈肢再生并不要求完全“去分化”成一种
多能状态（第60页等）；Wnt信号作用被与端粒酶联系了起来（第66页等）；不同层级
的多能因子被剖析清楚（第118页）；多能性与X-染色体沉默之间的联系被揭示（第128
页）。封面提供：Paul R. Riley
让细胞具有多能性的方法（iPS cells three years on）
Elite and stochastic models for induced pluripotent stem cell generation
三年前，Kazutoshi Takahashi 和 Shinya Yamanaka首次发现，来自“正常”体细胞的
“iPS细胞”（诱导多能干细胞）利用所定义的一些因子可以生成。在这三年里，人们
对这些细胞的兴趣一直非常高。然而，虽然它们通过少量因子的转染可以再生，但所转
染的细胞只有百分之几变成多能细胞，而且整个过程非常慢。在一篇从iPS出现之前开
始的综述文章中，Shinya Yamanaka集中介绍了iPS的生成机制以及它的生成过程效率
低、速度慢的原因。他最后提出了一个进行直接重新编程的模型，按照该模型，所有或
大多数细胞都有可能变成多能细胞。（Progress p. 49）
患者特异性“iPS细胞”的获得（Correcting Fanconi anaemia）
Disease-corrected haematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi anaemia induced
pluripotent stem cells
从特定患者身上提取“iPS细胞”的可行性及其作为特定疾病实验模型的价值几乎一年
前就已见诸报道。来自特定患者的“iPS细胞”还被认为具有很大治疗潜力，尽管过去
缺乏直接证据。现在，Raya等人发现，来自范康尼贫血患者的“iPS细胞”在纠正了基
因缺陷之后，可被重新编程，而产生具有患者特异性的“iPS细胞”，它们能产生属于
骨髓细胞系和类红细胞系的不含疾病的造血祖细胞。这些细胞对于细胞疗法有潜在价
值。（Article p. 53）
凭记忆完成的肢再生（Limb regeneration by memory）
Cells keep a memory of their tissue origin during axolotl limb regeneration
蝾螈是研究肢再生的一个强大模型。在肩与手之间任何部位所进行的截肢都会触发一个
祖细胞区的形成，这个祖细胞区称之为“芽基”，能再生缺失的部分。过去人们认为，
芽基细胞是在肢内通过细胞的“去分化”作用形成的。现在，对蝾螈再生组织的来源所
做的一项研究显示，芽基是由各种不同的受限的祖细胞构成的一个集合体，每种祖细胞
都保留着关于其组织来源的一个记忆。肢再生并不是通过完全“去分化”成多能状态实
现的，这一发现对于再生医学有潜在重要性。（Article p. 60; News & Views）
一个中等质量的黑洞（A mid-sized black hole）
An intermediate-mass black hole of over 500 solar masses in the galaxy ESO
243-49
在星际物质与超大质量黑洞之间，应当有一些质量介乎二者之间的黑洞。这些黑洞的质
量太大，因此它们不会是由大质量恒星的坍缩形成的；但同时它们的质量又太小，不会
在星系中心被发现。所以，它们被认为会在致密星团或球状星团中形成。此前，没有可
靠的观测证据来证明它们的存在。但是现在，黑洞世界中这个缺失的环节，可能已因一
个可变超亮X-射线源在竖立的螺旋星系ESO 243-39中的发现而被找到。这个射线源简称
为HLX-1，亮度极大，说明存在一个中等质量的黑洞，其质量超过太阳质量的500倍。
（Letter p. 73）
量子光学晶体管（Quantum optical transistors）
A single-molecule optical transistor
量子信息处理系统及相关技术很可能涉及纳米管等超小物体中的开关和放大功能。在今
天的电子器件中，晶体管来执行这些功能。传统晶体管在量子时代的对应物理想状态下
将会用光子、而不是电子作为信息载体，这是因为它们的速度快，抗脱散（去相干）能
力强。但抗脱散能力强也使得它们不容易被控制。现在，来自瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院
光学科学与技术网络（optETH）的一个小组做成了一个单分子光学晶体管。在该器件当
中，一个染料单分子相干性地减弱或放大一个聚焦度非常高的激光束，具体是减弱还是
放大则取决于第二个“门控”光束的强弱。（Letter p. 76; News & Views）
可实现非破坏性读取操作的FeRAM材料（Volatile memories）
Giant tunnel electroresistance for non-destructive readout of ferroelectric
states
在人们寻找非易失性存储器的替代技术的时候，将信息存储在一个铁电层上的FeRAM
（铁电随机存取存储器）是一个很有希望的候选对象。就功耗和耐用度而言，FeRAM类
材料的性能超过大多数其他非易失性存储器技术，但对目前的FeRAM类材料来说，其读
取操作是破坏性的，而且其可扩展性较差（原因是它们采用的是电容读出），因而它们
的应用受到了限制。Bibes等人发现，利用置于强张力下的一个钛酸钡薄层（厚度为1–
3纳米），仍能检测到巨大的电阻，即使是在这样薄的样本中。这使得检测穿过该薄层
的隧道电流、从而读出材料的极化状态、并且在此过程中不会破坏该材料成为可能。位
元的物理大小可以按比例缩小到能使这些器件达到很高密度（每平方英寸约25Gb）的程
度。（Letter p. 81; News & Views）
视觉对于目标的选择性（Selective viewing）
Neural mechanisms of rapid natural scene categorization in human visual
cortex
人对于快速发现他们视野中自己感兴趣的目标的存在非常熟练。在对健康志愿者所进行
的一项功能性磁共振成像研究中，研究人员给这些志愿者提供一系列照片，要他们从中
找出人物或汽车来，研究结果反映了视觉系统是怎样做到这一点的。人的大脑会快速判
断视野中任何地方是否有与自己正在试图完成的任务（不管这种任务是什么）有关的目
标，即便这些目标并不在视觉直接观察的区域内。有趣的是，该证据表明，与我们主观
上所体验到的对于外部世界的一种完全的内部再现相反的是，真实世界景观的神经再现
仅限于那些与正在发生的行为直接相关的目标。（Letter p. 94）
结核杆菌的一个新发现的致病机制（Tuberculosis virulence factor）
Cyclic AMP intoxication of macrophages by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis
adenylate cyclase
结核杆菌的一个以前人们不知道的致病机制已被发现：通过来自细菌的环AMP使宿主巨
噬细胞中毒。过去人们知道，结核杆菌会诱导被感染的巨噬细胞中环AMP水平增加；这
种环AMP现在被发现是由细菌腺苷酸环化酶产生的，有可能通过下游信号通道的激活来
增强毒性（致病力）。这种环AMP刺激宿主TNF-α（肿瘤坏死因子-α），会在被感染的
小鼠身上引起更大范围的肝病和更高的细菌存活率。这项工作显示，结核杆菌对信号传
导的干扰可能是抗结核药物的一个新的作用目标。（Letter p. 98）
多能ISL+心血管祖细胞（ISL1 progenitor are all heart）
Human ISL1 heart progenitors generate diverse multipotent cardiovascular
cell lineages
最近用小鼠进行的研究工作发现，多能胚胎isl1+（表达Islet 1）祖细胞能够对心脏中
所有主要细胞类型做出贡献。人心脏的生成被认为涉及比较多样化的通道。现在，一组
多样化的、具有多能性的人胎儿ISL+心血管祖细胞已在正在发育中的人心脏的右心房及
外流血管中被发现。将转基因及基因定向技术应用于人胚胎干细胞系之后发现，这些原
始祖细胞在分化成心脏中三大主要细胞类型（心肌细胞、平滑肌和内皮）之前能够自我
更新和扩展。这一发现对关于心血管疾病的人类模型的建立、甚至对人类再生医学都有
意义。（Letter p. 113; News）
多能性与X-染色体（Pluripotency and the X chromosome）
The pluripotency factor Oct4 interacts with Ctcf and also controls
X-chromosome pairing and counting
在干细胞分化及X-染色体失活（使一个雌性X-染色体沉默、以确保两性之间基因剂量对
等的过程）期间，染色质发生表观遗传重新编程而锁定在一个新状态。 将分化的细胞
重新编程为“iPS细胞”还会使失活的X-染色体被重新激活，而且曾有人提出，多能因
子Oct4联系着这两个过程。在这项研究中，Donohue等人发现，Oct4通过触发X染色体配
对和计数来调控X-染色体失活。Oct4与非编码RNA（Tsix 和 Xite）和蛋白（Ctcf 和
Yy1）都发生相互作用。这项工作表明，干细胞中的X-染色体的表观遗传重新编程涉及
一个复杂的网络。（Letter p. 128）
----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Developmental biology: A cellular view of regeneration pp39-40
How the salamander regrows an entire limb after injury has flummoxed
the wisest of scientists. A closer look at the cells involved in limb
regeneration shows that remembering past origins may be crucial for this
feat.
Alejandro Sanchez Alvarado
doi:10.1038/460039a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460039a.html
Biogeochemistry: Climatic plant power pp40-41
Levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide constrain vegetation types and
thus also non-biological uptake during rock weathering. That's the
reasoning used to explain why CO2 levels did not fall below a certain point
in the Miocene.
Yves Godderis and Yannick Donnadieu
doi:10.1038/460040a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460040a.html
Immunology: A metabolic switch to memory pp41-42
Two therapeutic drugs have been found to enhance memory in immune
cells called T cells, apparently by altering cellular metabolism. Are
changes in T-cell metabolism the key to generating long-lived immune memory?
Martin Prlic and Michael J. Bevan
doi:10.1038/460041a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460041a.html
Nanooptics: Photons pushed together pp42-44
Photons don't interact well with each other, which is a real headache
for researchers developing all-optical transistors for computing
applications. But a single molecule can mediate photon-photon affairs.
Michel Orrit
doi:10.1038/460042a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460042a.html
Cell biology: The not-so-odd couple pp44-45
Actively dividing cells do so at a risk [mdash] with each division,
chromosome ends tend to shorten. Pairing proteins that promote cell
division with a chromosome-end repair factor is a smart way to solve
this problem.
Sarah E. Millar
doi:10.1038/460044a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460044a.html
Applied physics: A leak of information pp45-46
As capacitors, the ubiquitous components of electronic circuitry, get
smaller, keeping them insulating is a challenge. But that's not necessarily
bad news [mdash] some conductivity might be just the thing for data storage.
Pavlo Zubko and Jean-Marc Triscone
doi:10.1038/460045a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460045a.html
Obituary: Robert Furchgott (1916-2009) p47
Nobel laureate who pioneered research into nitric oxide.
Solomon H. Snyder
doi:10.1038/460047a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/460047a.html
----------------------
PROGRESS
----------------------
Elite and stochastic models for induced pluripotent stem cell generation
pp49-52
Shinya Yamanaka
doi:10.1038/nature08180
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08180.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08180.html
----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
Disease-corrected haematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi anaemia induced
pluripotent stem cells pp53-59
The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS
cells)
is thought to hold great therapeutic potential. Here, somatic cells from
Fanconi anaemia patients are reprogrammed to pluripotency after correction
of the genetic defect, generating patient-specific iPS cells.
Angel Raya et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08129
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08129.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08129.html
Cells keep a memory of their tissue origin during axolotl limb regeneration
pp60-65
By using an integrated GFP transgene to track the major limb tissues during
limb regeneration in the salamander Ambystoma mexicanum (the axolotl), it
has been possible to demonstrate that each limb tissue produces a different
set of progenitors with restricted potential. Thus, the blastema[mdash]the
collection of cells that regenerates the diverse tissues of the limb is
composed of a heterogeneous collection of restricted progenitor cells
instead of dedifferentiated pluripotent cells, as previously thought.
Martin Kragl et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08152
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08152.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08152.html
Telomerase modulates Wnt signalling by association with target gene
chromatin
pp66-72
The genetic pathways controlling stem cells are frequently dysregulated
during tumorigenesis, with either stimulation of Wnt/[beta]-catenin
signalling or overexpression of telomerase sufficient to activate epidermal
stem cells in vivo. Here, the telomerase protein component TERT (telomerase
reverse transcriptase) is shown to have a role as a transcriptional
modulator
of the Wnt/[beta]-catenin pathway, revealing a significant level of
integration between the two pathways.
Jae-Il Park et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08137
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08137.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08137.html
----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
An intermediate-mass black hole of over 500 solar masses in the galaxy ESO
243-49 pp73-75
Ultraluminous X-ray sources are extragalactic objects located outside the
nucleus of the host galaxy with bolometric luminosities exceeding 1039 erg
s-1.
These extreme luminosities imply the presence of an accreting black hole
with
a mass of [sim]102-105 solar masses, but the existence of such intermediate
mass black holes is in dispute. A variable X-ray source with an implied mass
of 500 solar masses is now reported in the galaxy ESO 243-49.
Sean A. Farrell et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08083
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08083.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08083.html
A single-molecule optical transistor pp76-80
The transistor is the most fundamental building block in present-day
technologies.
For the purpose of quantum information processing schemes and for the
development
of a 'quantum computer', photons are attractive information carriers because
of
their speed and robustness against decoherence. However, their robustness
also
prevents them from being easily controlled; despite this, experiments now
show
the realization of a quantum optical transistor.
J. Hwang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08134
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08134.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08134.html
Giant tunnel electroresistance for non-destructive readout of ferroelectric
states
pp81-84
As alternative technologies for non-volatile memory elements are looked at,
the
utilization of ferroelectric layers to read-write upon is seen as promising.
However, it is plagued by several problems, including a destructive readout
process. Now, by using a thin layer of BaTiO3 put under intense strain, it
has
been shown possible to read out the polarization state of the material
without
destroying it.
V. Garcia et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08128
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08128.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08128.html
The role of terrestrial plants in limiting atmospheric CO2 decline over the
past
24million years pp85-88
It is thought that the Earth's atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations did
not
fall below about 200-250 parts per million during the past 24 million years
despite the drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide by high rates of global
silicate
rock weathering. Simulations of terrestrial and geochemical carbon cycles
now
suggest that limited vegetation activity in regions of active mountain
ranges
effectively diminished biotic-driven silicate rock weathering and thereby
provided
a negative feedback mechanism to stabilize carbon dioxide concentrations.
Mark Pagani, Ken Caldeira, Robert Berner and David J. Beerling
doi:10.1038/nature08133
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08133.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08133.html
Seismic reflection images of a near-axis melt sill within the lower crust at the Juan de Fuca ridge pp89-93
The style of accretion of the lower oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges is disputed, with some models proposing that the lower oceanic crust is accreted from melt sills intruded at multiple levels within the lower crust. However, seismic images of such sills have been elusive; here, deep crustal seismic reflections off the southern Juan de Fuca ridge are interpreted as originating from a molten sill presently forming within the lower oceanic crust.
J. Pablo Canales et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08095
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08095.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08095.html
Neural mechanisms of rapid natural scene categorization in human visual cortex pp94-97
Human beings are able to rapidly detect the presence of object categories such as animals or vehicles, even when a scene is presented very briefly. The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging during an object categorization task now indicates that the rapid detection of categorical information in natural scenes is mediated by a category-specific biasing mechanism in object-selective cortex that operates across the visual field.
Marius V. Peelen, Li Fei-Fei and Sabine Kastner
doi:10.1038/nature08103
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08103.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08103.html
Cyclic AMP intoxication of macrophages by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis adenylate cyclase pp98-102
Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces a cyclic AMP (cAMP) burst within infected macrophages that influences cell signalling, but the underlying mechanism for this increase in cAMP remains unclear. It is now shown that it is produced by a bacterial adenylate cyclase that facilitates delivery of bacterial-derived cAMP into the macrophage cytoplasm, presumably enhancing virulence through the activation of downstream signalling pathways.
Nisheeth Agarwal et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08123
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08123.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08123.html
Enhancing CD8 T-cell memory by modulating fatty acid metabolism pp103-107
On antigen stimulation, CD8 T cells undergo a developmental program characterized by expansion and then contraction of antigen-specific effector (TE) populations, followed by the persistence of long-lived memory (TM) cells. During this transition, CD8 T cells are now shown to switch from glucose metabolism to fatty acid metabolism by a TRAF6-dependent mechanism.
Erika L. Pearce et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08097
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08097.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08097.html
mTOR regulates memory CD8 T-cell differentiation pp108-112
Inducing effective memory T-cell responses is a major goal of vaccines against chronic infections and tumours. Here, mTOR, the mammalian target for the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin, is shown to enhance the quantity and quality of virus-specific CD8 T cells in mouse and non-human primate models.
Koichi Araki et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08155
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08155.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08155.html
Human ISL1 heart progenitors generate diverse multipotent cardiovascular
cell
lineages pp113-117
Studying the mechanisms underlying the diversification of human heart cell lineages has been hampered by the lack of genetic tools to purify early cardiac progenitors and define their developmental potential. By using independent transgenic and gene-targeting approaches in human embryonic stem cell lines, it has now been possible to show that populations of these primordial progenitors are capable of self-renewal and expansion prior to differentiation into the three major cell types in the heart.
Lei Bu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08191
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08191.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08191.html
A parallel circuit of LIF signalling pathways maintains pluripotency of
mouse ES
cells pp118-122
The Jak-Stat3 pathway is known to mediate leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signals, maintaining pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells; however, it is unclear how LIF signals are linked to the core circuitry of pluripotency-associated transcription factors. Here it is shown that two LIF signalling pathways are each connected to the core circuitry by different transcription factors, indicating that there are parallel pathways controlling pluripotency.
Hitoshi Niwa, Kazuya Ogawa, Daisuke Shimosato and Kenjiro Adachi
doi:10.1038/nature08113
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08113.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08113.html
Genome-wide silencing in Drosophila captures conserved apoptotic effectors
pp123-127
Caspases, and the proximal regulators of caspases, are central to the core machinery of apoptosis. The results of a genome-wide silencing screen in Drosophila[mdash]using a strategy combining a library of double-stranded RNAs together with a chemical antagonist of Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) now reveals a set of validated targets necessary for cell death provoked by several stimuli, as well as a new effector for apoptosis, Tango7.
Su Kit Chew et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08087
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08087.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08087.html
The pluripotency factor Oct4 interacts with Ctcf and also controls
X-chromosome
pairing and counting pp128-132
During both stem cell differentiation and X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) of mouse embryonic stem cells, chromatin undergoes epigenetic reprogramming. XCI and cell differentiation are tightly coupled, with the blocking of one process compromising the other. The pluripotency factor, Oct4, is now shown to regulate XCI, and is the first identified factor that links both processes.
Mary E. Donohoe et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08098
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/abs/nature08098.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7251/full/nature08098.html
环境科学之家（http://www.eschina.org.cn/）
| 《Nature》目录要览 — 2011-04-28出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2011-01-20出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-23出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-16出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-09出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-02出版 |
特别声明：本文转载仅仅是出于传播信息的需要，版权归原作者所有，并不意味着代表本网站观点或证实其内容的真实性； 如其他媒体、网站或个人从本网站转载使用，须保留本网站注明的“来源”，并自负版权等法律责任； 作者如果不希望被转载或者联系转载稿费等事宜，请与我们接洽：service#environmentor.cn（请将#改为@）。
来源： 作者： （环境人 Environmentor.Cn）
