《Science》目录要览：2009年6月19日出版

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《Science》目录要览：2009年6月19日出版

 

This Week in Science

Editor summaries of this week's papers.
Science 19 June 2009: 1489.
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Editorial:
Science Journalism Goes Global

Cristine Russell
Science 19 June 2009: 1491.
Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Editors' Choice

Highlights of the recent literature.
Science 19 June 2009: 1493.
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Science Podcast

Science 19 June 2009: 1590.
The show includes narrowing in on aerosols' contribution to climate change, the latest in cystic fibrosis research and treatment, demystifying Merkel cells, and more. Summary »|   Full Text »|   Transcript »|  

New Products

Science 19 June 2009: 1590.
A weekly roundup of information on newly offered instrumentation, apparatus, and laboratory materials of potential interest to researchers. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

News of the Week

Swine Flu
After Delays, WHO Agrees: The 2009 Pandemic Has Begun

Jon Cohen and Martin Enserink
Science 19 June 2009: 1496-1497.
When World Health Organization (WHO) chief Margaret Chan declared last week that for the first time in more than 40 years the world is facing an influenza pandemic, she simply stated what everybody already knew. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Public Health
Expanded U.S. Drug Agency to Control Tobacco

Jennifer Couzin-Frankel and Robert Koenig
Science 19 June 2009: 1497.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is on the cusp of gaining power for the first time to regulate cigarettes and other tobacco products. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

U.S. Stem Education
Report Calls for Grassroots But Comprehensive Changes

Jeffrey Mervis
Science 19 June 2009: 1498.
A $1.5 million study from the Carnegie Corporation of New York offers specific recommendations for improving U.S. math and science education that, if adopted, would also "do school differently." Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Arms Control
Verification Experts Puzzled Over North Korea's Nuclear Test

Daniel Clery
Science 19 June 2009: 1499.
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization revealed last week that its global network of radionuclide detectors, which sniff out faint wind-borne traces of radioactive elements such as xenon, had not picked up anything it could pin on the 25 May North Korean test. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceNOW.org
From Science's Online Daily News Site

Science 19 June 2009: 1499.
Highlights from Science's online daily news site, ScienceNOW, this week include warp-speed raindrops, the cause of gray hair, lava as a signifier of life, and the road to new species. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Law of the Sea
A Final Push to Divvy Up the Sea by All the Rules

Richard A. Kerr
Science 19 June 2009: 1500-1501.
Is this the year that the United States finally ratifies the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, an international agreement to conserve and manage the wealth of the ocean? Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

China
After Outcry, Government Backpedals Over Internet-Filtering Software

Hao Xin
Science 19 June 2009: 1500-1501.
After a firestorm of criticism, it appears that the Chinese government is backing down from its announcement that starting 1 July, all computers sold in China must have a new software program meant to filter pornographic images and block content that offends government sensibilities, such as discussion of the banned sect Falun Gong. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

ScienceInsider
From the Science Policy Blog

Science 19 June 2009: 1501.
This week, ScienceInsider reported on a plan to build a cleaner coal-powered plant, the elimination of a key scientific instrument on a European mission to Mars, and a demand that HIV-positive people be allowed to attend an international AIDS meeting in the United States. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Europe
Italy's MIT Grows, And So Does Controversy Over It

Laura Margottini
Science 19 June 2009: 1502.
Everyone wants to emulate the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but Italy is discovering that not everyone agrees on how to do it. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

American Astronomical Society 214th Meeting, 7-11 June 2009, Pasadena, California
Dark-Matter Model Multiplies Mass of Galactic Black Holes

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 19 June 2009: 1503.
According to new research presented at the American Astronomical Society meeting, astronomers may have been systematically underestimating nearby black hole masses by a factor of two to three. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

American Astronomical Society 214th Meeting, 7-11 June 2009, Pasadena, California
Star Studies Yield Better Yardsticks

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee
Science 19 June 2009: 1503.
At the American Astronomical Society meeting, researchers presented findings that could make it easier to measure cosmic distances and help refine estimates of the rate of expansion of the universe. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Random Samples

Science 19 June 2009: 1495.
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News Focus

Genetics
The Promise of a Cure: 20 Years and Counting

Jennifer Couzin-Frankel
Science 19 June 2009: 1504-1507.
The discovery of the cystic fibrosis gene brought big hopes for gene-based medicine; although a lot has been achieved over 2 decades, the payoff remains just around the corner. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Podcast Interview »|  

China
Radio Astronomers Go for High Gain With Mammoth Telescope

Mara Hvistendahl
Science 19 June 2009: 1508-1509.
Construction is about to commence on the world's biggest single-dish radio telescope, which will take aim at exotic beasts such as pulsars and dark galaxies. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Economic Recovery
ISO ... 3.5 Million U.S. Jobs

Constance Holden
Science 19 June 2009: 1510-1511.
Economists are shaking their heads at the Obama Administration's claim to be able to count the jobs that will flow from the stimulus package. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Physics
Is Quantum Mechanics Tried, True, Wildly Successful, and Wrong?

Tim Folger
Science 19 June 2009: 1512-1513.
A skeptical physicist charges that his field has been wandering in a philosophical wilderness for 80 years. The good news: He thinks he knows the way out. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Letters

 Venezuelan Science at Risk

Claudio Bifano
Science 19 June 2009: 1514.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Cataloguing Names the Old-Fashioned Way

Jeffrey Beall
Science 19 June 2009: 1514-1515.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Too Much Quantification Hinders Creativity

Meron Gurkiewicz and Alon Korngreen
Science 19 June 2009: 1515.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Livestock Genomics in Developing Countries

Paul J. Boettcher and Irene Hoffmann
Science 19 June 2009: 1515.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

 Machines Fall Short of Revolutionary Science

Philip W. Anderson and Elihu Abrahams
Science 19 June 2009: 1515-1516.
Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books et al.

Energy
Can Civilization (at Least the U.K.) Run Sustainably?

Marty Hoffert
Science 19 June 2009: 1517-1518.
MacKay offers an accessible, quantitative account of the changes that are needed to switch the United Kingdom to sustainable energy sources. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Archaeology
Arguments over Early Arrivals

Tim Flannery
Science 19 June 2009: 1518.
Writing for a broad, nonspecialist audience, Meltzer discusses both what we know about the early history of humans in the Americas and the often controversial research that has led to our current understanding of that topic. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Books Received

Science 19 June 2009: 1518.
A listing of books received at Science during the week ended 12 June 2009. Summary »|  

Policy Forum

Agriculture
Nutrient Imbalances in Agricultural Development

P. M. Vitousek, R. Naylor, T. Crews, M. B. David, L. E. Drinkwater, E. Holland, P. J. Johnes, J. Katzenberger, L. A. Martinelli, P. A. Matson, G. Nziguheba, D. Ojima, C. A. Palm, G. P. Robertson, P. A. Sanchez, A. R. Townsend, and F. S. Zhang
Science 19 June 2009: 1519-1520.
Nutrient additions to intensive agricultural systems range from inadequate to excessive—and both extremes have substantial human and environmental costs. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Perspectives

Microbiology
No Place Too Cold

Johanna Laybourn-Parry
Science 19 June 2009: 1521-1522.
Simple microbial food webs are found even in the coldest and most remote polar lakes. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Chemistry
Squeezing the Water Out of HCl(aq)

Timothy S. Zwier
Science 19 June 2009: 1522-1523.
The controlled formation of clusters confined to helium droplets shows that just four water molecules are sufficient to dissolve hydrochloric acid into its ions. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Ecology
Thriving in Salt

Antje Boetius and Samantha Joye
Science 19 June 2009: 1523-1525.
Saline environments from polar glaciers to the deep sea floor contain a surprising variety of organisms. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Immunology
A Chronic Need for IL-21

Lisa D. S. Johnson and Stephen C. Jameson
Science 19 June 2009: 1525-1526.
A cytokine produced by helper T cells enables CD8⁺ T cells to control viral infection. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Chemistry
Extracting Potentials from Spectra

Peter F. Bernath
Science 19 June 2009: 1526-1527.
An analysis of the spectra of the elusive beryllium dimer, aided by ab initio calculations, characterizes the molecule near its dissociation limit. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Neuroscience
Bridging the Gap and Staying Local

Martin Korte
Science 19 June 2009: 1527-1528.
Imaging with fluorescence reporters reveals the molecular nature of long-term memory storage at stimulated synapses. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Evolution
Uniting Alignments and Trees

Ari Löytynoja and Nick Goldman
Science 19 June 2009: 1528-1529.
An iterative method that estimates both sequence alignments and phylogenies leads to improved phylogenetic trees for large data sets. Summary »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Review

Graphene: Status and Prospects

A. K. Geim
Science 19 June 2009: 1530-1534.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Brevia

Sexual Intercourse Involving Giant Sperm in Cretaceous Ostracode

R. Matzke-Karasz, R. J. Smith, R. Symonova, C. G. Miller, and P. Tafforeau
Science 19 June 2009: 1535.
Giant ostracode sperm date back at least 100 million years ago. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Research Article

Synapse- and Stimulus-Specific Local Translation During Long-Term Neuronal Plasticity

Dan Ohtan Wang, Sang Mok Kim, Yali Zhao, Hongik Hwang, Satoru K. Miura, Wayne S. Sossin, and Kelsey C. Martin
Science 19 June 2009: 1536-1540.
Published online 14 May 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1173205] (in Science Express Research Articles)
Live-cell microscopy reveals local translation during long-term facilitation of Aplysia sensory-motor synapses. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Reports

Solar-Like Oscillations in a Massive Star

Kévin Belkacem, Réza Samadi, Marie-Jo Goupil, Laure Lefèvre, Fréderic Baudin, Sébastien Deheuvels, Marc-Antoine Dupret, Thierry Appourchaux, Richard Scuflaire, Michel Auvergne, Claude Catala, Eric Michel, Andrea Miglio, Josefina Montalban, Anne Thoul, Suzanne Talon, Annie Baglin, and Arlette Noels
Science 19 June 2009: 1540-1542.
A huge star has been discovered that shows a variety of regular patterns of pulsation. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Colloidal Quantum-Dot Photodetectors Exploiting Multiexciton Generation

Vlad Sukhovatkin, Sean Hinds, Lukasz Brzozowski, and Edward H. Sargent
Science 19 June 2009: 1542-1544.
Decay of multiple electron-hole pairs, a hindrance in photovoltaic design, proves a boon to sensitivity in a photoconductive detector. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Aggregation-Induced Dissociation of HCl(H₂O)₄ Below 1 K: The Smallest Droplet of Acid

Anna Gutberlet, Gerhard Schwaab, Özgür Birer, Marco Masia, Anna Kaczmarek, Harald Forbert, Martina Havenith, and Dominik Marx
Science 19 June 2009: 1545-1548.
Just four water molecules are sufficient to dissolve the acid HCl into a charged ion pair of proton and chloride. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Beryllium Dimer—Caught in the Act of Bonding

Jeremy M. Merritt, Vladimir E. Bondybey, and Michael C. Heaven
Science 19 June 2009: 1548-1551.
Published online 21 May 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1174326] (in Science Express Reports)
High-resolution spectroscopy maps out the unusual ground state electronic potential of the beryllium dimer. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration Across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition

Bärbel Hönisch, N. Gary Hemming, David Archer, Mark Siddall, and Jerry F. McManus
Science 19 June 2009: 1551-1554.
The concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere has been relatively stable over the past 2.1 million years and never as high as it is today. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Fossil Plant Relative Abundances Indicate Sudden Loss of Late Triassic Biodiversity in East Greenland

Jennifer C. McElwain, Peter J. Wagner, and Stephen P. Hesselbo
Science 19 June 2009: 1554-1556.
Plant fossils from East Greenland record an abrupt decrease in abundance as CO₂ levels increased. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Pandemic Potential of a Strain of Influenza A (H1N1): Early Findings

Christophe Fraser, Christl A. Donnelly, Simon Cauchemez, William P. Hanage, Maria D. Van Kerkhove, T. Déirdre Hollingsworth, Jamie Griffin, Rebecca F. Baggaley, Helen E. Jenkins, Emily J. Lyons, Thibaut Jombart, Wes R. Hinsley, Nicholas C. Grassly, Francois Balloux, Azra C. Ghani, Neil M. Ferguson, Andrew Rambaut, Oliver G. Pybus, Hugo Lopez-Gatell, Celia M. Alpuche-Aranda, Ietza Bojorquez Chapela, Ethel Palacios Zavala, Dulce Ma. Espejo Guevara, Francesco Checchi, Erika Garcia, Stephane Hugonnet, Cathy Roth, and The WHO Rapid Pandemic Assessment Collaboration
Science 19 June 2009: 1557-1561.
Published online 11 May 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1176062] (in Science Express Reports)
An international collaborative effort has analyzed the initial dynamics of the swine flu outbreak. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Rapid and Accurate Large-Scale Coestimation of Sequence Alignments and Phylogenetic Trees

Kevin Liu, Sindhu Raghavan, Serita Nelesen, C. Randal Linder, and Tandy Warnow
Science 19 June 2009: 1561-1564.
A step-wise algorithm iteratively wraps sequence alignment around a phylogenetic tree to reduce bias caused by errors. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Structure and Mechanism of an Amino Acid Antiporter

Xiang Gao, Feiran Lu, Lijun Zhou, Shangyu Dang, Linfeng Sun, Xiaochun Li, Jiawei Wang, and Yigong Shi
Science 19 June 2009: 1565-1568.
Published online 28 May 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1173654] (in Science Express Reports)
The architecture of a membrane protein channel helps explain how Escherichia coli survive the acidic conditions of the stomach. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

IL-21 Is Required to Control Chronic Viral Infection

Heidi Elsaesser, Karsten Sauer, and David G. Brooks
Science 19 June 2009: 1569-1572.
Published online 7 May 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1174182] (in Science Express Reports)
Interleukin-21 produced by CD4⁺ T cells helps CD8⁺ T cells control viral infection in a mouse model. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

A Vital Role for Interleukin-21 in the Control of a Chronic Viral Infection

John S. Yi, Ming Du, and Allan J. Zajac
Science 19 June 2009: 1572-1576.
Published online 14 May 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1175194] (in Science Express Reports)
The cytokine interleukin-21 has a profound impact on virus-specific T cell responses to chronic infections in mice. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

IL-21R on T Cells Is Critical for Sustained Functionality and Control of Chronic Viral Infection

Anja Fröhlich, Jan Kisielow, Iwana Schmitz, Stefan Freigang, Abdijapar T. Shamshiev, Jacqueline Weber, Benjamin J. Marsland, Annette Oxenius, and Manfred Kopf
Science 19 June 2009: 1576-1580.
Published online 28 May 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1172815] (in Science Express Reports)
Thymus cells of the immune system require the cytokine interleukin-21 to control chronic viral infections. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Merkel Cells Are Essential for Light-Touch Responses

Stephen M. Maricich, Scott A. Wellnitz, Aislyn M. Nelson, Daine R. Lesniak, Gregory J. Gerling, Ellen A. Lumpkin, and Huda Y. Zoghbi
Science 19 June 2009: 1580-1582.
In the skin, special cells with specific properties endow their afferent nerves with the ability to resolve fine spatial details. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  Podcast Interview »|  

Recruitment of an Area Involved in Eye Movements During Mental Arithmetic

André Knops, Bertrand Thirion, Edward M. Hubbard, Vincent Michel, and Stanislas Dehaene
Science 19 June 2009: 1583-1585.
Published online 7 May 2009 [DOI: 10.1126/science.1171599] (in Science Express Reports)
Addition and subtraction are encoded in the same part of the brain that is responsible for eye movements and spatial attention. Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|   Supporting Online Material »|  

Technical Comments

Comment on "Experimental Test of Self-Shielding in Vacuum Ultraviolet Photodissociation of CO"

James R. Lyons, Roy S. Lewis, and Robert N. Clayton
Science 19 June 2009: 1516.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Comment on "Experimental Test of Self-Shielding in Vacuum Ultraviolet Photodissociation of CO"

S. R. Federman and E. D. Young
Science 19 June 2009: 1516.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Comment on "Experimental Test of Self-Shielding in Vacuum Ultraviolet Photodissociation of CO"

Qing-Zhu Yin, Xiaoyu Shi, Chao Chang, and Cheuk-Yiu Ng
Science 19 June 2009: 1516.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

Response to Comments on "Experimental Test of Self-Shielding in Vacuum Ultraviolet Photodissociation of CO"

Subrata Chakraborty, Musahid Ahmed, Teresa L. Jackson, and Mark H. Thiemens
Science 19 June 2009: 1516.
Abstract »|   Full Text »|   PDF »|  

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