《Nature》目录要览：2009年6月25日出版

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《Nature》目录要览：2009年6月25日出版

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封面故事：科学新闻的现状与未来
Cover caption
在“Too close for comfort”一文中（Essay），当了30年科学记者的Boyce Rensberger对科学与媒体之间不断变化的关系进行了思考。他说，最大的变化是从在上个世纪50年代达到全盛、而在1962年Rachel Carson《寂静的春天》发表时开始衰败的“新奇型”科学新闻到“媒体监督时代”的转变。在这个过程中，曾经是他们所在领域的啦啦队队员的科学记者们变得更像他们总是怀疑一切的新闻记者同行。随着信息传播在“数字时代”的变化，今后的科学报道在“从啦啦队到监督者的演变区间”中将会处在什么位置呢？Rensberger的文章是我们反映当今科学新闻现状的系列约稿中的一篇。在该系列的其他文章中，Toby Murcott（Essay）认为，如果科学进步要得到适当报道的话，那么它就必须更加开放。Juliet Eilperin 和Marcus Brauchli（Books & Arts）讨论了他们的报纸——《华盛顿邮报》上今后对科学新闻将如何报道。Nadia El-Awady（Essay）发现，伊斯兰国家的媒体既有好的一面，又有坏的一面。另外也请阅读我们的“社论”（page 1033）和网上文章。

植物激素大全（A plethora of phytohormones）
Recent advances and emerging trends in plant hormone signaling / Subcellular homeostasis of phytohormone auxin is mediated by the ER-localized PIN5 transporter
二十世纪上半叶发现的“经典”植物激素有茁长素、脱落酸、细胞分裂素、赤霉素和乙烯。后来，更多化合物被发现是激素，其中包括油菜素内酯、茉莉酮酸酯、水杨酸、一氧化氮和strigolactone。 有关新老植物激素分子机制的研究进展迅速，Aaron Santner 和Mark Estelle在本期Nature上对此进行了综述。泛素/蛋白酶体系统的蛋白泛素化和降解被发现是大多数这些化合物的信号通道中的一个关键成分，联系各种激素控制系统的一个复杂调控网络的详细情况正在开始出现。（Review p. 1071）在本期的其他相关文章中，研究人员报告了茁长素活性的一个以前人们未曾怀疑到的调控模式——该模式的调控是在细胞内，而不是在细胞间。这一机制所涉及的分子是PIN5，它是茁长素流出物PIN家族中的一个非典型成员，位于内质网之上。（Letter p. 1136）

体细胞也有能力延长生物寿命（Cells reprogrammed for life）
A soma-to-germline transformation in long-lived Caenorhabditis elegans mutants
多细胞生物的生殖细胞能实现某种形式的“不朽”：生殖细胞（卵子或精子）能够生成它们后代的体细胞，这些体细胞在经过一定的生长和代谢周期之后会死亡；但它们也能生成可以传到下一代的生殖细胞。对线虫的一系列寿命延长的突变体所做的一项研究显示，仅仅普通体细胞，就可以通过激发正常情况下只见于“不朽”的生殖细胞中的基因表达程序来使寿命延长。（Article p. 1079）

Golgi网络上的一个致癌基因（A Golgi-linked oncogene）
GOLPH3 modulates mTOR signalling and rapamycin sensitivity in cancer
PI3K-AKT-mTOR级联是在几乎所有癌症中都活跃的一种重要细胞信号通道，因此也是研究癌症疗法的主要焦点。现在，在整个基因组范围内进行的一项筛选工作，发现一个以前不知道的致癌基因GOLPH3是被染色体5p13（该染色体与各种不同固体肿瘤相关）上一个放大区域激发的目标。GOLPH3蛋白局限于Golgi网络上，其过度表达刺激S6核糖体激酶-1，后者被mTOR激发，而mTOR则是PI3K-AKT-mTOR级联的一部分，是抗肿瘤药物雷帕霉素的一个作用目标。GOLPH3致癌蛋白在临床前条件下使肌体对雷帕霉素敏感度增加，从而提出一个可能性：它的作用是，充当对雷帕霉素敏感度的一个生物标记。（Article p. 1085）

“土卫二”表层下是否有海洋仍存疑（Enceladus ocean: yes and no）
Sodium salts in E-ring ice grains from an ocean below the surface of Enceladus / No sodium in the vapour plumes of Enceladus
来自“卡西尼”探测器的图片显示，在土星卫星“土卫二”上有由水蒸气和冰粒构成的喷发柱。这一发现促使人们猜测，该天体表面下的一个海洋也许是液态水的来源。两个小组在本期Nature上报告了与搜寻这一地下海洋相关的证据。 这些结果给人的第一感觉是矛盾的，它们说明“土卫二”地表下有存在海洋的可能性，尽管这仍是一个假设。Postberg等人利用“卡西尼”的“宇宙尘埃分析仪”来对土星E-环（该环主要由来自“土卫二”的物质组成）中冰粒化学组成进行了测定。他们发现了一组富含钠盐的E-环颗粒，这种情况只有当喷发柱来自液态水时才有可能。Schneider等人利用地基分光望远镜来在从“土卫二”喷发出的气体柱中寻找钠的发射线，但没有找到。这与喷发柱中的钠由一个咸水海洋直接提供的情景是不一致的，说明还存在其他喷发源，如一个深海、一个淡水库或冰等。或者，如果存在一个咸水库的话，那么目前尚未确定的某个过程一定在阻止钠逃逸到太空中。（Letters pp. 1098, 1102; News & Views）

颗粒也有表面张力（Caught on camera）
High-speed tracking of rupture and clustering in freely falling granular streams
一个自由降落的液流由于表面张力会快速分解成液滴，这是由分子间的吸引力造成的。令人吃惊的是，类似效应也能发生在如沙子等颗粒材料组成的一个下降流中。表面张力在这样的流中并不明显存在，而且此前这其中所涉及的丛集机制一直没有被完全弄清。现在，利用同颗粒流一起下降的高速照相机对沙粒和铜粒的下降流的分解和破裂所做的一项研究表明， 颗粒之间微小的凝聚力是造成其分解和破裂的原因，它们相当于一种颗粒表面张力，比普通液体的表面张力弱大约10万倍。虽然液滴形状与对纳米尺度液体喷射流所预测的形状相似，但当前理论框架不能充分解释这些结果。（Letter p.1110; News & Views）

甲型H1N1流感病毒的分析结果（H1N1 pandemic virus analysed）
Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic
对起源于猪的甲型H1N1流感病毒所做的一项系统发生分析所提供的证据表明，该病毒是一个重组体，分别有来自禽、猪和人病毒的基因。这种流行性病毒似乎在进入人体之前曾经发生了猪流感病毒序列的典型演化，是从在猪当中流传的几种病毒衍生来的。最初向人的传播似乎发生在人们意识到此次爆发之前几个月。对遗传监测工作存在缺陷所做的一项估计表明，在猪来源病毒重组与向人类转移之间有数年时间，而且甲型H1N1流感病毒有多个基因先祖的发现与该病毒来源于人为原因的事实是不相符的。这项工作所揭示出的我们现有知识的缺陷，凸显了我们需要对该病毒在猪当中的影响进行系统监测，并将此举作为在有潜在流行趋势的病毒类型进入人群之前对其进行识别的一种手段。（Letter p. 1122）

唐氏综合症患者癌症发病率降低的机制（Down's syndrome and cancer）
Down's syndrome suppression of tumour growth and the role of the calcineurin inhibitor DSCR1
唐氏综合症患者已知患某些肿瘤的比例较低。Baek等人所做的新的研究工作表明，具有21号染色体基因DSCR1（该基因编码唐氏综合症关键区域蛋白-1）一个额外拷贝的一个小鼠模型，因血管生成减少而表现出肿瘤生长速度降低。他们提供的证据表明，与另一个21号染色体基因DYRK1A一起，DSCR1 表达的适度增加会通过降低神经钙蛋白通道的活性限制血管生成。这些数据为唐氏综合症患者癌症发病率降低提供了一个机制，而且发现神经钙蛋白通道及其调控因子DSCR1 和DYRK1A是所有个体中所出现的癌症的潜在治疗目标。（Letter p. 1126; Abstractions p. 1032）

心跳与造血细胞的形成（Blood cells by heartbeat）
Biomechanical forces promote embryonic haematopoiesis
在脊椎动物胚胎心跳启动之后，主动脉壁上的细胞、胎盘血管和脐带及卵黄动脉开始形成造血细胞。人们曾经提出，由心跳（血管的流动及血管壁的剪应力是由心跳产生的）施加在血管壁上的生物机械力可能是让肌体产生这些早期血液细胞的提示信息。Adamo等人用在试管中和在小鼠胚胎中分化的小鼠胚胎干细胞所做研究表明，暴露于流体剪应力，在试管中和在活体中都会增加造血细胞形成潜力及造血标志物的表达。血管流动的启动和胚胎血细胞形成之间一种联系的确定，为关于有可能用于干细胞疗法的造血祖细胞之产生的研究工作提供了新的线索。（Letter p. 1131: News & Views）

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NEWS AND VIEWS
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Structural biology: Protein dynamics from disorder    pp1063-1064
The functions of proteins are often crucially dependent on how they move, but measuring the absolute magnitudes of protein motions hasn't been possible. A spectroscopic method looks set to change all that.
Joel R. Tolman
doi:10.1038/4591063a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/4591063a.html

Granular media: Structures in sand streams    pp1064-1065
An ingenious experiment that involves dropping a costly, high-speed video camera from a height of several metres reveals how free-falling streams of granular matter, such as sand, break up into grain clusters.

Detlef Lohse and Devaraj van der Meer
doi:10.1038/4591064a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/4591064a.html

Cell biology: A score for membrane fusion    pp1065-1066
Intracellular membrane fusion has been mimicked in vitro using a mix of 17 purified proteins and lipid bilayers. This technical tour de force allows the study of how cells orchestrate and perform such fusion events.
Ruth N. Collins and Joshua Zimmerberg
doi:10.1038/4591065a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/4591065a.html

50 & 100 years ago    p1067
doi:10.1038/4591067b
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/4591067b.html

Planetary science: Enceladus with a grain of salt    pp1067-1068
The observation that water plumes erupt from cracks on Saturn's moon Enceladus has fired speculation about a possible subsurface ocean. The latest searches for sodium salts point to the existence of such an ocean.
John Spencer
doi:10.1038/4591067a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/4591067a.html

Stem cells: The stress of forming blood cells    pp1068-1069
The first heartbeat is an important moment in an embryo's life. The biomechanical forces created by pulsatile flow promote the formation of haematopoietic stem cells that equip the body with its mature blood cells.
Luc Pardanaud and Anne Eichmann
doi:10.1038/4591068a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/4591068a.html

Nuclear physics: Unexpected doubly magic nucleus    pp1069-1070
Nuclei with a 'magic' number of both protons and neutrons, dubbed doubly magic, are particularly stable. The oxygen isotope 24O has been found to be one such nucleus [mdash] yet it lies just at the limit of stability.
Robert V. F. Janssens
doi:10.1038/4591069a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/4591069a.html

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REVIEW
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Recent advances and emerging trends in plant hormone signalling    pp1071-1078
Aaron Santner and Mark Estelle
doi:10.1038/nature08122
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08122.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08122.html

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ARTICLES
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A soma-to-germline transformation in long-lived Caenorhabditis elegans
mutants    pp1079-1084
Although the soma ages during life, the germ line of multicellular organisms does not. Here it is shown that Caenorhabditis elegans mutants with increased longevity turn on gene expression programs in somatic tissue that are normally limited to the germ line; this may be the secret behind the increased health and lifespan of these mutant worms.
Sean P. Curran, Xiaoyun Wu, Christian G. Riedel and Gary Ruvkun
doi:10.1038/nature08106
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08106.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08106.html

GOLPH3 modulates mTOR signalling and rapamycin sensitivity in cancer    pp1085-1090
A genome-wide screen has identified a frequent region of amplification on chromosome 5p13 in a number of cancer types. Functional studies now identify a protein localized to the Golgi apparatus, GOLPH3, as a novel oncogene affected by this amplification which can transform cells in vitro and lead to tumour formation in vivo. GOLPH3 overexpression activates the mTOR signalling pathway and renders cancer cells sensitive to the drug rapamycin.
Kenneth L. Scott et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08109
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08109.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08109.html

Reconstitution of Rab- and SNARE-dependent membrane fusion by synthetic endosomes pp1091-1097
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that can undergo fusion with each other in a regulated manner; this is thought to be mediated by SNAREs (soluble
N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors). Here, the complete
reconstitution of endosome fusion using Rab5 and SNARE proteins highlights the functional relationship between these two machineries.
Takeshi Ohya et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08107
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08107.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08107.html

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LETTERS
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Sodium salts in E-ring ice grains from an ocean below the surface of Enceladus pp1098-1101
Saturn's moon Enceladus emits plumes of water vapour and ice particles from ractures near its south pole, raising the possibility of a subsurface ocean. Minor organic or siliceous components, identified in many ice grains, could be evidence of interaction between Enceladus' rocky core and liquid water; however it has been unclear whether the water is still present today or if it has frozen. Now, the identification of a population of E-ring grains that are rich in sodium salts suggests that the plumes originate from liquid water.
F. Postberg et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08046
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08046.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08046.html

No sodium in the vapour plumes of Enceladus    pp1102-1104
The discovery of water vapour and ice particles erupting from Saturn's moon
Enceladus fuelled speculation that an internal ocean was the source. The presence of
sodium chloride is expected in a long-lived ocean in contact with a rocky core;
however, a ground-based spectroscopic search for atomic sodium near Enceladus now
places an upper limit on the mixing ratio in the vapour plumes orders of magnitude
below expected ocean salinity. These observations are consistent with a variety of
alternative eruption sources including a deep ocean, a freshwater reservoir, or ice.
Nicholas M. Schneider et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08070
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08070.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08070.html

Optically controlled locking of the nuclear field via coherent dark-state spectroscopy pp1105-1109
A single electron spin trapped inside a semiconductor quantum dot forms the foundation for many proposed quantum logic devices, but the coherence is degraded by
interactions with the lattice nuclear spins. Here, a means of suppressing the nuclear
fluctuations is reported, enabling the electron spin coherence to be preserved much
longer.
Xiaodong Xu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08120
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08120.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08120.html

High-speed tracking of rupture and clustering in freely falling granular streams pp1110-1113
Freely falling granular streams break up into characteristic droplet patterns similar to liquid flows, but the clustering mechanism remains unresolved. Here, imaging and microscopy data reveal that tiny cohesive forces are responsible,
corresponding to a granular surface tension some 100,000 times weaker than in ordinary liquids.
John R. Royer et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08115
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08115.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08115.html

Enhanced carbon pump inferred from relaxation of nutrient limitation in the glacial ocean pp1114-1117
It has been suggested that the delivery of dust-borne iron to the glacial ocean could have increased primary productivity and enhanced deep-sea carbon export in
the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP), lowering atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during glacial periods. But lower opal accumulation rates cast doubts on the importance of the EEP for glacial carbon dioxide drawdown. A silicon isotope record now provides support for an invigorated biological pump in this region during the last glacial period that could have contributed to glacial carbon dioxide drawdown.
L. E. Pichevin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08101
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08101.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08101.html

142Nd evidence for an enriched Hadean reservoir in cratonic roots pp1118-1121
The isotope 146Sm decays to 142Nd with a half-life of 103 million years, and therefore variations in the 142Nd/144Nd values of rocks resulting from Sm-Nd
fractionation provide a sensitive monitor of the main silicate differentiation
events that took place in early Earth. The measurement of low 142Nd/144Nd ratios
in approximately 1.48 billion-year-old rocks from the Khariar complex in southeastern India now indicates that enriched Hadean reservoirs may be hidden within the roots of old cratons.
Dewashish Upadhyay, Erik E. Scherer and Klaus Mezger
doi:10.1038/nature08089
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08089.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08089.html

Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic pp1122-1125
Evolutionary analysis of swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus provides evidence that
it was derived from several viruses circulating in swine and that it possesses genes
from avian, swine and human origin. Furthermore, transmission to humans may have
occurred several months before recognition of the current outbreak.
Gavin J. D. Smith et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08182
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08182.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08182.html

Down's syndrome suppression of tumour growth and the role of the calcineurin inhibitor DSCR1 pp1126-1130
Individuals with Down's syndrome are known to have a lower rate of certain
solid cancers. Now, a mouse model with one extra copy of Dscr1, a gene located on
chromosome 21, is shown to display decreased tumour growth; this is thought to be via suppression of angiogenesis mediated by decreasing the activity of the calcineurin pathway.
Kwan-Hyuck Baek et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08062
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08062.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08062.html

Biomechanical forces promote embryonic haematopoiesis pp1131-1135
Following initiation of the heartbeat in vertebrate embryos, cells lining the aorta,
the placental vessels, and the umbilical and vitelline arteries begin to form
haematopoietic cells. Here it is shown that biochemical forces imposed on the
vascular wall at this developmental stage strongly influence development of early
blood cells and that abrogation of nitric oxide[mdash]a mediator of shear-stress-
induced signalling[mdash]compromises haematopoietic potential in vitro and in vivo.
Luigi Adamo et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08073
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08073.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08073.html

Subcellular homeostasis of phytohormone auxin is mediated by the ER-localized PIN5
transporter    pp1136-1140
The plant signalling molecule auxin is a key regulator of growth and development;
PIN efflux carriers are asymmetrically localized on the plasma membrane and mediate
directional auxin transport between cells. Here, an atypical member of the PIN family, PIN5 in Arabidopsis thaliana, is characterized, revealing that it is does
not mediate intercellular transport of auxin, but is instead localized to the
endoplasmic reticulum, where it presumably regulates intracellular levels of auxin.
Jozef Mravec et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08066
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08066.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08066.html

Yurt, Coracle, Neurexin IV and the Na+,K+-ATPase form a novel group of epithelial polarity proteins    pp1141-1145
Polarization of cells is critical for the development of multicellular organisms
and defects in this process contribute to several diseases. Here, a novel protein
pathway is identified that is important for polarity formation during early
embryogenesis in Drosophila, and appears to be conserved in mammalian cells.
Patrick Laprise et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08067
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08067.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08067.html

Structural insight into the autoinhibition mechanism of AMP-activated protein kinase
 pp1146-1149
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) senses cellular energy status to maintain a
balance between ATP production and consumption, and has important roles in regulating cell growth and proliferation. Here, crystal structures of kinase and
autoinhibitory domains from yeast AMPK subunits, together with biochemical data, reveal a mechanism for AMPK autoinhibition and suggest a model for allosteric activation by AMP.
Lei Chen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08075
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08075.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08075.html

dUTP incorporation into genomic DNA is linked to transcription in yeast pp1150-1153
High transcription rates in eukaryotic cells are associated with genomic instability, resulting in increased numbers of mutational events. In yeast, highly
transcribed DNA is now shown to accumulate apurinic/apyrimidinic sites due to the removal of uracil, suggesting that the fidelity of DNA synthesis can be affected by the level of transcription.
Nayun Kim and Sue Jinks-Robertson
doi:10.1038/nature08033
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/abs/nature08033.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7250/full/nature08033.html

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Advance Online Publication
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24 June 2009
A reevaluation of X-irradiation-induced phocomelia and proximodistal limb patterning
Jenna L. Galloway, Irene Delgado, Maria A. Ros and Clifford J. Tabin
doi:10.1038/nature08117
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08117.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08117.html

A conserved ubiquitination pathway determines longevity in response to diet restriction
Andrea C. Carrano, Zheng Liu, Andrew Dillin and Tony Hunter
doi:10.1038/nature08130
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08130.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08130.html

Evolution of a malaria resistance gene in wild primates
Jenny Tung et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08149
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08149.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08149.html

New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany
Nicholas J. Conard, Maria Malina and Susanne C. Munzel
doi:10.1038/nature08169
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08169.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08169.html

21 June 2009
The CREB coactivator CRTC2 links hepatic ER stress and fasting gluconeogenesis
Yiguo Wang, Liliana Vera, Wolfgang H. Fischer and Marc Montminy
doi:10.1038/nature08111
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08111.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08111.html

mTOR regulates memory CD8 T-cell differentiation
Koichi Araki et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08155
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08155.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature08155.html

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