《Nature》目录要览（2009年7月9日出版）
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《Nature》目录要览（2009年7月9日出版）
封面故事：肿瘤细胞染色体不稳定的机制
A mechanism linking extra centrosomes to chromosomal instability
很多肿瘤细胞的一个显著特征是染色体不稳定（CIN），即全部染色体数量的增加或减
少速度加快。CIN的机制一直是一个有很多争论的话题。人们长期所持的一个观点是，
额外的中心体（它们与CIN有关联性）通过诱导混乱的多极纺锤体组装和非对称的细胞
分裂来促使染色体错误分离。但是现在，长期活细胞成像显示，CIN癌细胞很少经历多
极分裂，而且甚至当它们经历这种分裂的时候，所产生的也主要是无法生存的后代。相
反，额外中心体癌细胞仅仅是经过一个过渡性的多极纺锤体阶段，在这个阶段，“异常
动粒微管附着体”会积累。很多附着错误即使在额外中心体聚集形成正确双极纺锤体之
后仍存在，从而增加染色体错误分离的可能性。本期封面所示为具有额外中心体的一个
人细胞中的一个过渡性多极纺锤体中间形态。图上所示微管为红色，中心体为绿色，染
色体为白色。（Letter p. 278）
黑洞活动与恒星形成（Galaxies and black holes）
The role of black holes in galaxy formation and evolution
在多数星系（包括我们自己所在的星系）中心所发现的大质量黑洞释放大量能量，为类
星体和活动星系核等壮观的现象提供动力。如果该能量的一小部分被吸收进宿主星系
中，那么它就有可能通过加热和喷射周围气体使恒星形成过程停止。我们纪念“2009
国际天文年”系列综述文章（这些文章集中发布在www.nature.com/astro09上）中的最
新一篇所探讨的是星系演化中的中心问题之一——黑洞活动在大型椭圆形星系中限制恒
星形成的程度。这些星系所含气体要比螺旋星系温度低很多，所含年轻恒星也要比后者
少很多，这种差别有可能与中心黑洞与其周围环境相互作用的方式相关。（Review
p.213）
微生物的主动应对行为（Microorganism behaviour: be prepared）
Adaptive prediction of environmental changes by microorganisms
乍一看，微生物似乎受其环境以及该环境中可能发生的任何变化支配。它们的命运似乎
只能是对所发生的事件做出反应。所以，关于细菌和酵母在一系列变化遵从一个重复模
式的环境中都能够将一个刺激与对某种未来环境的适当反应联系起来的发现，有点儿出
乎意料。在一个与巴甫洛夫条件反射在某些方面有相似之处、但却依赖于调控网络和自
然选择而非认知的过程中，穿过肠道的大肠杆菌及经过不同发酵阶段的酵母会“预测”
它们下面要经历什么，并对代谢通道进行组织，来应对其所要经历的东西。大肠杆菌此
后会仅仅重复暴露于一系列环境中的第一个，甚至“忘记”它们所受过的训练并失去条
件反射。（Article p. 220; News & Views）
“老年性黄斑退化症”的早期诊断（Early indicator of sight loss）
CCR3 is a target for age-related macular degeneration diagnosis and therapy
全世界超过3000万人受“老年性黄斑退化症”（AMD）影响，这是老年人致盲的主要原
因。这种疾病的新生血管致盲形式的标准治疗方法是采用抗VEGF药物——主要是“雷珠
单抗”（Lucentis）和“贝伐珠单抗”（Avastin），但它们只能让三分之一患者改善
视力，而且人们对可能产生的毒性也有担心，因为VEGF在正常视网膜功能中发挥重要作
用。现在，研究人员发现，细胞因子受体CCR3在一个小鼠模型中是一种早期检测标记
物。该发现使早期诊断具有了可能性，这对提高临床效果将是一个重要贡献。另外，以
CCR3或其配体（它们抑制新血管对视网膜的入侵）为治疗目标，可能是另一种安全的治
疗方案。（Article p. 225; News & View）
B-细胞在免疫系统中的发育过程（B cell DNA breaks late）
Mechanisms promoting translocations in editing and switching peripheral B
cells
B-细胞在免疫系统中的发育经过几个发育阶段和不同空间。Wu等人发现，被普遍认为在
时间和空间上分别发生在骨髓和脾脏中的两个过程（编辑和类别转换重组），实际上都
能发生在周围成熟B-细胞中。因为这些过程涉及DNA双链的形成在不同位点的断裂，所
以这些断裂的重新连接为了解在某些B-细胞淋巴瘤中所观察到的染色体转位的起源提供
了线索。（Article p. 231; News & Views）
红移值z > 2的两个超新星（Two supernovae at z > 2）
Type IIn supernovae at redshift z 2 from archival data
超新星为研究从近距离到远距离的星系过程提供了有价值的机会，但它们的性质以及当
前天文望远镜的灵敏度使得探测高红移天体极为困难。以前的搜索显示核心坍缩（II-
型）超新星在z ~ 0.7处，热核超新星（Ia-型）在z ~1.5处。现在，利用IIn -亚型核
心坍缩超新星（包括在紫外部分的极高亮度及明亮的、长寿命的发射线）的独特性质，
Cooke等人报告，他们在档案数据中发现了三个以前未知的超新星，所处红移位置分别
为z = 0.808、2.013和 2.357。对红移值z>2的天体的研究，为了解第一批恒星形成之
后不久的宇宙提供了一个窗口。（Letter p. 237）
第一个固态量子处理器（Solid progress）
Demonstration of two-qubit algorithms with a superconducting quantum
processor
利用量子力学的两个关键方面——物理状态的叠加和纠缠，量子计算机的表现也许最终
将超过传统计算机。耶鲁大学一个研究小组向这个目标迈出了重要一步——他们演示了
第一个固态量子处理器，该处理器被用来执行两个量子算法。基于几个量子位的量子处
理器以前利用核磁共振、冷离子阱和光学系统曾演示过，它们与传统计算机都很少有相
似之处。这一新的处理器基于用传统纳米制造技术制造出的超导量子回路。在量子计算
机能够挑战传统计算机之前，仍有很长的路要走。该处理器是非常基本的，只含有两个
量子位，在比绝对零度仅高出一度的很小一部分的温度下运行。但该芯片具有一台缩微
化的、可以工作的量子计算机所具有的全部必要特征，并且还有可能放大到更多的量子
位和更复杂的算法。（Letter p. 240; News & Views）
用DNA帮助纯化纳米管混合物（Sorting nanotubes with DNA）
DNA sequence motifs for structure-specific recognition and separation of
carbon nanotubes
迄今所开发出的碳纳米管制造方法所制造出的是金属和半导体管的混合物，它们具有不
同直径和手性。要使纳米管投入实际应用，比如说用在电子系统中，重要的是要能够对
每种纳米管进行纯化，以使它们的性质能够被正确地确定。实践证明，要将这些混合物
区分开来非常困难，但来自杜邦公司威明顿研究实验室和宾夕法尼亚州伯利恒里海大学
的一个研究小组将DNA用于这项工作，并取得了很有希望的结果。他们发现，由一个嘌
呤加一个或多个嘧啶构成的重复片段组成的、经过专门量身定制的DNA序列，能够纯化
一个纳米管混合物中的每种纳米管。他们还通过理论证明，当包裹在一个纳米管周围
时，这些DNA序列能形成特别稳定的三维桶状结构，这可能是产生选择性的原因。
（Letter p. 250; News & Views）
脂肪细胞对造血作用的影响（Bad blood from fat cells）
Bone-marrow adipocytes as negative regulators of the haematopoietic
microenvironment
成年骨髓含有众多脂肪细胞，其数量与造血活性成反比关系。造血作用过剩类疾病如恶
性贫血和白血病等，一般都伴随着造血作用对长骨脂髓的渗透。至于脂肪细胞是参与造
血调控、还是只是扩张来填满骨髓空间一直不清楚。答案似乎是，脂肪细胞远不止是充
数，而是在骨髓微环境中起一个非常关键的生理作用。用小鼠所做实验表明，脂肪细胞
数量多的骨髓所含造血干细胞和祖细胞要少于脂肪细胞数量少的骨髓。遗传上不含脂肪
细胞的小鼠和用一种阻断脂肪细胞产生的药物处理过的小鼠，在经过一次骨髓移植之后
产生新的血细胞的速度要比野生型小鼠快，说明阻断骨髓脂肪细胞生成在临床骨髓移植
中也许可帮助造血作用的恢复。（Letter p. 259）
----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Evolutionary biology: Microbes exploit groundhog day p181
Can microorganisms learn from history? When a sequence of environmental
changes is repeated, natural selection might select for responses that
enable the microbes to prepare for later challenges in the sequence.
Tim F. Cooper
doi:10.1038/460181a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460181a.html
Vision: New light on allergy receptor pp182-183
A receptor usually found on immune cells implicated in allergy turns out to
be a diagnostic marker and promising treatment target for a degenerative
eye disease. Curiously, its role in the eye seems to be unrelated to
inflammation.
Maria Grant
doi:10.1038/460182a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460182a.html
Organic chemistry: Forgotten hydrocarbons prepared pp183-184
Dendralene hydrocarbons have a reputation for being difficult [mdash] it
seemed that these molecules couldn't easily be made. A practical synthesis
of dendralenes opens them up for study, and reveals some surprises.
Henning Hopf
doi:10.1038/460183a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460183a.html
Immunology: B cells break the rules pp184-186
A study of lymphocytes that lack a DNA-repair enzyme challenges
long-standing
dogma about the spatial separation of processes that rearrange antibody
genes,
and provides clues about the origins of B-cell cancers.
Marilyn Diaz and Janssen Daly
doi:10.1038/460184a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460184a.html
Materials science: Nanotubes sorted using DNA pp186-187
A vast number of DNA sequences are possible, and so finding the few that
bind
to a particular non-DNA entity is a daunting task. A systematic search
algorithm has found sequences that target specific carbon nanotubes.
Mark C. Hersam
doi:10.1038/460186a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460186a.html
Quantum information: Circuits that process with magic pp187-188
Practical quantum computation will require a scalable, robust system to
generate and process information with precise control. This is now possible
using a superconducting circuit and a little quantum magic.
Raymond W. Simmonds and Frederick W. Strauch
doi:10.1038/460187a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460187a.html
Obituary: Herbert Frank York (1921-2009) p189
A voice of calm in the era of nuclear weapons.
Michael M. May
doi:10.1038/460189a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460189a.html
----------------------
HORIZONS
----------------------
The possibility of impossible cultures pp190-196
Insights from evolutionary developmental biology and the mind sciences
could change our understanding of the human capacity to think and the
ways in which the human mind constrains cultural expressions.
Marc D. Hauser
doi:10.1038/460190a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460190a.html
Synthesis at the molecular frontier pp197-201
Driven by remarkable advances in the understanding of structure and reaction
mechanisms, organic synthesis will be increasingly directed to producing
bioinspired and newly designed molecules.
Paul A. Wender and Benjamin L. Miller
doi:10.1038/460197a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460197a.html
Biomarkers in psychiatry pp202-207
The use of biomarkers to predict human behaviour and psychiatric disorders
raises social and ethical issues, which must be resolved by collaborative
efforts.
Ilina Singh and Nikolas Rose
doi:10.1038/460202a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460202a.html
Toxicology for the twenty-first century pp208-212
The testing of substances for adverse effects on humans and the environment
needs a radical overhaul if we are to meet the challenges of ensuring
health and safety.
Thomas Hartung
doi:10.1038/460208a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460208a.html
----------------------
REVIEW
----------------------
The role of black holes in galaxy formation and evolution pp213-219
Virtually all massive galaxies host central black holes, the growth of which
releases vast amounts of energy that powers quasars and other weaker active
galactic nuclei. However, a tiny fraction of this energy could halt star
formation by heating and ejecting ambient gas; a central question in galaxy
evolution is the degree to which this process has caused the decline of star
formation in large elliptical galaxies.
A. Cattaneo et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08135
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08135.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08135.html
----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
Adaptive prediction of environmental changes by microorganisms pp220-224
Habitats where environmental change occurs in a reliable order offer
microorganisms the opportunity to prepare in advance. Here, in both the
bacterium Escherichia coli and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, stimuli
that typically appear early in the ecology of the organism are shown to
induce
genes that are useful for coping with conditions that normally occur later,
a process that is also shown to improve fitness.
Amir Mitchell et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08112
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08112.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08112.html
CCR3 is a target for age-related macular degeneration diagnosis and therapy
pp225-230
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness. Now,
the eosinophil/mast cell chemokine receptor CCR3 is shown to be specifically
expressed in choroidal neovascular endothelial cells in humans with AMD, and
targeting CCR3 or its ligands in mice inhibits the choroidal
neovascularization
that underlies AMD. In the mouse model, CCR3 blockade was more effective and
less toxic than VEGF-A neutralization, which is currently in clinical use.
Atsunobu Takeda et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08151
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08151.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08151.html
Mechanisms promoting translocations in editing and switching peripheral B
cells pp231-236
Editing and class switch recombination, two processes in the development of
B cells, are thought to be separated in the bone marrow and spleen,
respectively.
Errors in either of these processes can initiate chromosomal translocations,
including those of B cell lymphomas, but collaboration between them may also
initiate translocations. Here it is shown that both editing and class switch
recombination can occur in peripheral B cells, offering insights into the
origin of the translocations observed in certain B cell lymphomas.
Jing H. Wang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08159
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08159.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08159.html
----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
Type IIn supernovae at redshift z[thinsp][ap][thinsp]2 from archival
data pp237-239
Type IIn supernovae are luminous core-collapse explosions of massive stars
that, unlike other types, are very bright in the ultraviolet and have
strong,
long-lived emission lines that should enable detection at redshift z [ap] 2.
Here, three spectroscopically confirmed type IIn supernovae are reported at
redshifts z = 0.808, 2.013 and 2.357, detected in archival data.
Jeff Cooke et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08082
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08082.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08082.html
Demonstration of two-qubit algorithms with a superconducting quantum
processor
pp240-244
Quantum computers, which harness the superposition and entanglement of
physical
states, hold great promise for the future. Here, the demonstration of a
two-qubit superconducting processor and the implementation of quantum
algorithms, represents an important step in quantum computing.
L. DiCarlo et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08121
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08121.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08121.html
Direct observation of correlations between individual photon emission events
of a microcavity laser pp245-249
Lasers are recognized for coherent light emission, the onset of which is
reflected in a change in photon statistics; but, until now, attempts to
directly measure correlations in the individual photon emission events of
semiconductor lasers have been unsuccessful. By using a streak camera
technique with sufficient time resolution, the dynamical evolution of
correlations between individual photon emission events is now demonstrated.
J. Wiersig et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08126
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08126.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08126.html
DNA sequence motifs for structure-specific recognition and separation of
carbon nanotubes pp250-253
Methods for production of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) generate
mixtures of metallic and semiconducting tubes with different diameters and
chiralities. However, many fundamental studies and technical applications of
SWNTs require a population of tubes with identical chirality. A new method
that is capable of purifying each species in a nanotube mixture is now
demonstrated.
Xiaomin Tu, Suresh Manohar, Anand Jagota and Ming Zheng
doi:10.1038/nature08116
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08116.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08116.html
Late Cretaceous seasonal ocean variability from the Arctic pp254-258
Although the modern Arctic Ocean is regarded as a barometer of global change
and an amplifier of global warming, little is known about its state in the
greenhouse period of the Late Cretaceous epoch (65-99 million years ago).
Here, a seasonally resolved Cretaceous sedimentary record from the Alpha
ridge of the Arctic Ocean is presented; evidence suggests seasonal diatom
productivity in a stratified ocean with possible winter sea ice cover.
Andrew Davies, Alan E. S. Kemp and Jennifer Pike
doi:10.1038/nature08141
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08141.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08141.html
Bone-marrow adipocytes as negative regulators of the haematopoietic
microenvironment pp259-263
Adult bone marrow contains numerous adipocytes, the numbers of which
correlate inversely with the haematopoietic activity of the marrow. It
had been unclear whether adipocytes participate in haematopoietic regulation
or simply expand to fill marrow space; here it is shown that murine
haematopoiesis is reduced in adipocyte-rich marrow during homeostasis, and
that adipocytes antagonize haematopoietic recovery after bone-marrow
irradiation.
Olaia Naveiras et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08099
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08099.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08099.html
CD14 regulates the dendritic cell life cycle after LPS exposure through NFAT
activation pp264-268
Here, CD14 is shown to regulate mouse dendritic cell apoptosis after
lipopolysaccharide stimulation via a pathway involving activation of the
transcription factor NFAT; an event that is essential for maintaining
self-tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. Given the involvement of CD14
in diseases such as sepsis and heart failure, the discovery of signal
transduction pathways activated exclusively by CD14 is an important step
towards the development of potential new treatments.
Ivan Zanoni et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08118
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08118.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08118.html
T cells dampen innate immune responses through inhibition of NLRP1 and NLRP3
inflammasomes pp269-273
The mechanisms controlling excessive inflammatory responses, which can
result
in damage to tissues and diseases such as arthritis and type-2 diabetes, are
poorly understood. Mouse effector and memory CD4+ T cells are now shown to
inhibit inflammasome activity, revealing a mechanism by which effector and
memory T cells can suppress potentially damaging inflammation while leaving
the primary inflammatory response intact.
Greta Guarda et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08100
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08100.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08100.html
Unlimited multistability in multisite phosphorylation systems pp274-277
Although naked DNA has a relatively static and easy to grasp information
capacity, reversible phosphorylation at several sites in even a single
protein encodes a potentially large amount of information, and the
calculation
of this information capacity is complex. Here, this complexity is reduced to
solving two algebraic equations, allowing the estimation of the information
capacity of a signalling protein as a function of the varying amounts of
kinases and phosphatases.
Matthew Thomson and Jeremy Gunawardena
doi:10.1038/nature08102
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08102.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08102.html
A mechanism linking extra centrosomes to chromosomal instability
pp278-282
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of many tumours and correlates
with the presence of extra centrosomes, but a direct mechanistic link
between
CIN and extra centrosomes has not been established. Live-cell imaging is now
used to demonstrate that extra centrosomes can promote chromosome
missegregation
as a consequence of cells passing through a transient 'multipolar spindle
intermediate'.
Neil J. Ganem, Susana A. Godinho and David Pellman
doi:10.1038/nature08136
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08136.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08136.html
Uniparental expression of PolIV-dependent siRNAs in developing endosperm of
Arabidopsis pp283-286
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are associated with gene silencing have
been discovered in most eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, siRNAs are now
shown to be uniparentally expressed from the maternal genome, having maximal
expression in the young developing seed. This unusual pattern of expression
provides evidence for a link between genomic imprinting and RNA silencing in
plants.
Rebecca A. Mosher et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08084
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08084.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08084.html
A histone H3 lysine 36 trimethyltransferase links Nkx2-5 to Wolf-Hirschhorn
syndrome pp287-291
Histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 36 (H3K36me3) is associated with
actively
transcribed regions and may provide landmarks for continuing transcription.
Here it is shown that the H3K36me3-specific histone methyltransferase
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 (WHSC1) functions in transcription
regulation together with developmental transcription factors whose defects
overlap with the human disease Wolf-Hirschorn syndrome (WHS). Furthermore,
Whsc1-deficient mice display defects similar to those seen in WHS patients.
Keisuke Nimura et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08086
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08086.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08086.html
----------------------
ADDENDUM
----------------------
Ionic high-pressure form of elemental boron p292
Artem R. Oganov et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08164
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08164.html
----------------------
ERRATUM
----------------------
Slow earthquakes triggered by typhoons p292
ChiChing Liu, Alan T. Linde and I. Selwyn Sacks
doi:10.1038/nature08202
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08202.html
----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
Goliath p298
It's all about timing.
Bruce W. Ferguson
doi:10.1038/460298a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460298a.html
A mechanism linking extra centrosomes to chromosomal instability
很多肿瘤细胞的一个显著特征是染色体不稳定（CIN），即全部染色体数量的增加或减
少速度加快。CIN的机制一直是一个有很多争论的话题。人们长期所持的一个观点是，
额外的中心体（它们与CIN有关联性）通过诱导混乱的多极纺锤体组装和非对称的细胞
分裂来促使染色体错误分离。但是现在，长期活细胞成像显示，CIN癌细胞很少经历多
极分裂，而且甚至当它们经历这种分裂的时候，所产生的也主要是无法生存的后代。相
反，额外中心体癌细胞仅仅是经过一个过渡性的多极纺锤体阶段，在这个阶段，“异常
动粒微管附着体”会积累。很多附着错误即使在额外中心体聚集形成正确双极纺锤体之
后仍存在，从而增加染色体错误分离的可能性。本期封面所示为具有额外中心体的一个
人细胞中的一个过渡性多极纺锤体中间形态。图上所示微管为红色，中心体为绿色，染
色体为白色。（Letter p. 278）
黑洞活动与恒星形成（Galaxies and black holes）
The role of black holes in galaxy formation and evolution
在多数星系（包括我们自己所在的星系）中心所发现的大质量黑洞释放大量能量，为类
星体和活动星系核等壮观的现象提供动力。如果该能量的一小部分被吸收进宿主星系
中，那么它就有可能通过加热和喷射周围气体使恒星形成过程停止。我们纪念“2009
国际天文年”系列综述文章（这些文章集中发布在www.nature.com/astro09上）中的最
新一篇所探讨的是星系演化中的中心问题之一——黑洞活动在大型椭圆形星系中限制恒
星形成的程度。这些星系所含气体要比螺旋星系温度低很多，所含年轻恒星也要比后者
少很多，这种差别有可能与中心黑洞与其周围环境相互作用的方式相关。（Review
p.213）
微生物的主动应对行为（Microorganism behaviour: be prepared）
Adaptive prediction of environmental changes by microorganisms
乍一看，微生物似乎受其环境以及该环境中可能发生的任何变化支配。它们的命运似乎
只能是对所发生的事件做出反应。所以，关于细菌和酵母在一系列变化遵从一个重复模
式的环境中都能够将一个刺激与对某种未来环境的适当反应联系起来的发现，有点儿出
乎意料。在一个与巴甫洛夫条件反射在某些方面有相似之处、但却依赖于调控网络和自
然选择而非认知的过程中，穿过肠道的大肠杆菌及经过不同发酵阶段的酵母会“预测”
它们下面要经历什么，并对代谢通道进行组织，来应对其所要经历的东西。大肠杆菌此
后会仅仅重复暴露于一系列环境中的第一个，甚至“忘记”它们所受过的训练并失去条
件反射。（Article p. 220; News & Views）
“老年性黄斑退化症”的早期诊断（Early indicator of sight loss）
CCR3 is a target for age-related macular degeneration diagnosis and therapy
全世界超过3000万人受“老年性黄斑退化症”（AMD）影响，这是老年人致盲的主要原
因。这种疾病的新生血管致盲形式的标准治疗方法是采用抗VEGF药物——主要是“雷珠
单抗”（Lucentis）和“贝伐珠单抗”（Avastin），但它们只能让三分之一患者改善
视力，而且人们对可能产生的毒性也有担心，因为VEGF在正常视网膜功能中发挥重要作
用。现在，研究人员发现，细胞因子受体CCR3在一个小鼠模型中是一种早期检测标记
物。该发现使早期诊断具有了可能性，这对提高临床效果将是一个重要贡献。另外，以
CCR3或其配体（它们抑制新血管对视网膜的入侵）为治疗目标，可能是另一种安全的治
疗方案。（Article p. 225; News & View）
B-细胞在免疫系统中的发育过程（B cell DNA breaks late）
Mechanisms promoting translocations in editing and switching peripheral B
cells
B-细胞在免疫系统中的发育经过几个发育阶段和不同空间。Wu等人发现，被普遍认为在
时间和空间上分别发生在骨髓和脾脏中的两个过程（编辑和类别转换重组），实际上都
能发生在周围成熟B-细胞中。因为这些过程涉及DNA双链的形成在不同位点的断裂，所
以这些断裂的重新连接为了解在某些B-细胞淋巴瘤中所观察到的染色体转位的起源提供
了线索。（Article p. 231; News & Views）
红移值z > 2的两个超新星（Two supernovae at z > 2）
Type IIn supernovae at redshift z 2 from archival data
超新星为研究从近距离到远距离的星系过程提供了有价值的机会，但它们的性质以及当
前天文望远镜的灵敏度使得探测高红移天体极为困难。以前的搜索显示核心坍缩（II-
型）超新星在z ~ 0.7处，热核超新星（Ia-型）在z ~1.5处。现在，利用IIn -亚型核
心坍缩超新星（包括在紫外部分的极高亮度及明亮的、长寿命的发射线）的独特性质，
Cooke等人报告，他们在档案数据中发现了三个以前未知的超新星，所处红移位置分别
为z = 0.808、2.013和 2.357。对红移值z>2的天体的研究，为了解第一批恒星形成之
后不久的宇宙提供了一个窗口。（Letter p. 237）
第一个固态量子处理器（Solid progress）
Demonstration of two-qubit algorithms with a superconducting quantum
processor
利用量子力学的两个关键方面——物理状态的叠加和纠缠，量子计算机的表现也许最终
将超过传统计算机。耶鲁大学一个研究小组向这个目标迈出了重要一步——他们演示了
第一个固态量子处理器，该处理器被用来执行两个量子算法。基于几个量子位的量子处
理器以前利用核磁共振、冷离子阱和光学系统曾演示过，它们与传统计算机都很少有相
似之处。这一新的处理器基于用传统纳米制造技术制造出的超导量子回路。在量子计算
机能够挑战传统计算机之前，仍有很长的路要走。该处理器是非常基本的，只含有两个
量子位，在比绝对零度仅高出一度的很小一部分的温度下运行。但该芯片具有一台缩微
化的、可以工作的量子计算机所具有的全部必要特征，并且还有可能放大到更多的量子
位和更复杂的算法。（Letter p. 240; News & Views）
用DNA帮助纯化纳米管混合物（Sorting nanotubes with DNA）
DNA sequence motifs for structure-specific recognition and separation of
carbon nanotubes
迄今所开发出的碳纳米管制造方法所制造出的是金属和半导体管的混合物，它们具有不
同直径和手性。要使纳米管投入实际应用，比如说用在电子系统中，重要的是要能够对
每种纳米管进行纯化，以使它们的性质能够被正确地确定。实践证明，要将这些混合物
区分开来非常困难，但来自杜邦公司威明顿研究实验室和宾夕法尼亚州伯利恒里海大学
的一个研究小组将DNA用于这项工作，并取得了很有希望的结果。他们发现，由一个嘌
呤加一个或多个嘧啶构成的重复片段组成的、经过专门量身定制的DNA序列，能够纯化
一个纳米管混合物中的每种纳米管。他们还通过理论证明，当包裹在一个纳米管周围
时，这些DNA序列能形成特别稳定的三维桶状结构，这可能是产生选择性的原因。
（Letter p. 250; News & Views）
脂肪细胞对造血作用的影响（Bad blood from fat cells）
Bone-marrow adipocytes as negative regulators of the haematopoietic
microenvironment
成年骨髓含有众多脂肪细胞，其数量与造血活性成反比关系。造血作用过剩类疾病如恶
性贫血和白血病等，一般都伴随着造血作用对长骨脂髓的渗透。至于脂肪细胞是参与造
血调控、还是只是扩张来填满骨髓空间一直不清楚。答案似乎是，脂肪细胞远不止是充
数，而是在骨髓微环境中起一个非常关键的生理作用。用小鼠所做实验表明，脂肪细胞
数量多的骨髓所含造血干细胞和祖细胞要少于脂肪细胞数量少的骨髓。遗传上不含脂肪
细胞的小鼠和用一种阻断脂肪细胞产生的药物处理过的小鼠，在经过一次骨髓移植之后
产生新的血细胞的速度要比野生型小鼠快，说明阻断骨髓脂肪细胞生成在临床骨髓移植
中也许可帮助造血作用的恢复。（Letter p. 259）
----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Evolutionary biology: Microbes exploit groundhog day p181
Can microorganisms learn from history? When a sequence of environmental
changes is repeated, natural selection might select for responses that
enable the microbes to prepare for later challenges in the sequence.
Tim F. Cooper
doi:10.1038/460181a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460181a.html
Vision: New light on allergy receptor pp182-183
A receptor usually found on immune cells implicated in allergy turns out to
be a diagnostic marker and promising treatment target for a degenerative
eye disease. Curiously, its role in the eye seems to be unrelated to
inflammation.
Maria Grant
doi:10.1038/460182a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460182a.html
Organic chemistry: Forgotten hydrocarbons prepared pp183-184
Dendralene hydrocarbons have a reputation for being difficult [mdash] it
seemed that these molecules couldn't easily be made. A practical synthesis
of dendralenes opens them up for study, and reveals some surprises.
Henning Hopf
doi:10.1038/460183a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460183a.html
Immunology: B cells break the rules pp184-186
A study of lymphocytes that lack a DNA-repair enzyme challenges
long-standing
dogma about the spatial separation of processes that rearrange antibody
genes,
and provides clues about the origins of B-cell cancers.
Marilyn Diaz and Janssen Daly
doi:10.1038/460184a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460184a.html
Materials science: Nanotubes sorted using DNA pp186-187
A vast number of DNA sequences are possible, and so finding the few that
bind
to a particular non-DNA entity is a daunting task. A systematic search
algorithm has found sequences that target specific carbon nanotubes.
Mark C. Hersam
doi:10.1038/460186a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460186a.html
Quantum information: Circuits that process with magic pp187-188
Practical quantum computation will require a scalable, robust system to
generate and process information with precise control. This is now possible
using a superconducting circuit and a little quantum magic.
Raymond W. Simmonds and Frederick W. Strauch
doi:10.1038/460187a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460187a.html
Obituary: Herbert Frank York (1921-2009) p189
A voice of calm in the era of nuclear weapons.
Michael M. May
doi:10.1038/460189a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460189a.html
----------------------
HORIZONS
----------------------
The possibility of impossible cultures pp190-196
Insights from evolutionary developmental biology and the mind sciences
could change our understanding of the human capacity to think and the
ways in which the human mind constrains cultural expressions.
Marc D. Hauser
doi:10.1038/460190a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460190a.html
Synthesis at the molecular frontier pp197-201
Driven by remarkable advances in the understanding of structure and reaction
mechanisms, organic synthesis will be increasingly directed to producing
bioinspired and newly designed molecules.
Paul A. Wender and Benjamin L. Miller
doi:10.1038/460197a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460197a.html
Biomarkers in psychiatry pp202-207
The use of biomarkers to predict human behaviour and psychiatric disorders
raises social and ethical issues, which must be resolved by collaborative
efforts.
Ilina Singh and Nikolas Rose
doi:10.1038/460202a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460202a.html
Toxicology for the twenty-first century pp208-212
The testing of substances for adverse effects on humans and the environment
needs a radical overhaul if we are to meet the challenges of ensuring
health and safety.
Thomas Hartung
doi:10.1038/460208a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460208a.html
----------------------
REVIEW
----------------------
The role of black holes in galaxy formation and evolution pp213-219
Virtually all massive galaxies host central black holes, the growth of which
releases vast amounts of energy that powers quasars and other weaker active
galactic nuclei. However, a tiny fraction of this energy could halt star
formation by heating and ejecting ambient gas; a central question in galaxy
evolution is the degree to which this process has caused the decline of star
formation in large elliptical galaxies.
A. Cattaneo et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08135
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08135.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08135.html
----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
Adaptive prediction of environmental changes by microorganisms pp220-224
Habitats where environmental change occurs in a reliable order offer
microorganisms the opportunity to prepare in advance. Here, in both the
bacterium Escherichia coli and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, stimuli
that typically appear early in the ecology of the organism are shown to
induce
genes that are useful for coping with conditions that normally occur later,
a process that is also shown to improve fitness.
Amir Mitchell et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08112
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08112.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08112.html
CCR3 is a target for age-related macular degeneration diagnosis and therapy
pp225-230
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness. Now,
the eosinophil/mast cell chemokine receptor CCR3 is shown to be specifically
expressed in choroidal neovascular endothelial cells in humans with AMD, and
targeting CCR3 or its ligands in mice inhibits the choroidal
neovascularization
that underlies AMD. In the mouse model, CCR3 blockade was more effective and
less toxic than VEGF-A neutralization, which is currently in clinical use.
Atsunobu Takeda et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08151
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08151.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08151.html
Mechanisms promoting translocations in editing and switching peripheral B
cells pp231-236
Editing and class switch recombination, two processes in the development of
B cells, are thought to be separated in the bone marrow and spleen,
respectively.
Errors in either of these processes can initiate chromosomal translocations,
including those of B cell lymphomas, but collaboration between them may also
initiate translocations. Here it is shown that both editing and class switch
recombination can occur in peripheral B cells, offering insights into the
origin of the translocations observed in certain B cell lymphomas.
Jing H. Wang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08159
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08159.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08159.html
----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
Type IIn supernovae at redshift z[thinsp][ap][thinsp]2 from archival
data pp237-239
Type IIn supernovae are luminous core-collapse explosions of massive stars
that, unlike other types, are very bright in the ultraviolet and have
strong,
long-lived emission lines that should enable detection at redshift z [ap] 2.
Here, three spectroscopically confirmed type IIn supernovae are reported at
redshifts z = 0.808, 2.013 and 2.357, detected in archival data.
Jeff Cooke et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08082
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08082.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08082.html
Demonstration of two-qubit algorithms with a superconducting quantum
processor
pp240-244
Quantum computers, which harness the superposition and entanglement of
physical
states, hold great promise for the future. Here, the demonstration of a
two-qubit superconducting processor and the implementation of quantum
algorithms, represents an important step in quantum computing.
L. DiCarlo et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08121
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08121.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08121.html
Direct observation of correlations between individual photon emission events
of a microcavity laser pp245-249
Lasers are recognized for coherent light emission, the onset of which is
reflected in a change in photon statistics; but, until now, attempts to
directly measure correlations in the individual photon emission events of
semiconductor lasers have been unsuccessful. By using a streak camera
technique with sufficient time resolution, the dynamical evolution of
correlations between individual photon emission events is now demonstrated.
J. Wiersig et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08126
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08126.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08126.html
DNA sequence motifs for structure-specific recognition and separation of
carbon nanotubes pp250-253
Methods for production of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) generate
mixtures of metallic and semiconducting tubes with different diameters and
chiralities. However, many fundamental studies and technical applications of
SWNTs require a population of tubes with identical chirality. A new method
that is capable of purifying each species in a nanotube mixture is now
demonstrated.
Xiaomin Tu, Suresh Manohar, Anand Jagota and Ming Zheng
doi:10.1038/nature08116
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08116.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08116.html
Late Cretaceous seasonal ocean variability from the Arctic pp254-258
Although the modern Arctic Ocean is regarded as a barometer of global change
and an amplifier of global warming, little is known about its state in the
greenhouse period of the Late Cretaceous epoch (65-99 million years ago).
Here, a seasonally resolved Cretaceous sedimentary record from the Alpha
ridge of the Arctic Ocean is presented; evidence suggests seasonal diatom
productivity in a stratified ocean with possible winter sea ice cover.
Andrew Davies, Alan E. S. Kemp and Jennifer Pike
doi:10.1038/nature08141
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08141.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08141.html
Bone-marrow adipocytes as negative regulators of the haematopoietic
microenvironment pp259-263
Adult bone marrow contains numerous adipocytes, the numbers of which
correlate inversely with the haematopoietic activity of the marrow. It
had been unclear whether adipocytes participate in haematopoietic regulation
or simply expand to fill marrow space; here it is shown that murine
haematopoiesis is reduced in adipocyte-rich marrow during homeostasis, and
that adipocytes antagonize haematopoietic recovery after bone-marrow
irradiation.
Olaia Naveiras et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08099
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08099.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08099.html
CD14 regulates the dendritic cell life cycle after LPS exposure through NFAT
activation pp264-268
Here, CD14 is shown to regulate mouse dendritic cell apoptosis after
lipopolysaccharide stimulation via a pathway involving activation of the
transcription factor NFAT; an event that is essential for maintaining
self-tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. Given the involvement of CD14
in diseases such as sepsis and heart failure, the discovery of signal
transduction pathways activated exclusively by CD14 is an important step
towards the development of potential new treatments.
Ivan Zanoni et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08118
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08118.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08118.html
T cells dampen innate immune responses through inhibition of NLRP1 and NLRP3
inflammasomes pp269-273
The mechanisms controlling excessive inflammatory responses, which can
result
in damage to tissues and diseases such as arthritis and type-2 diabetes, are
poorly understood. Mouse effector and memory CD4+ T cells are now shown to
inhibit inflammasome activity, revealing a mechanism by which effector and
memory T cells can suppress potentially damaging inflammation while leaving
the primary inflammatory response intact.
Greta Guarda et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08100
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08100.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08100.html
Unlimited multistability in multisite phosphorylation systems pp274-277
Although naked DNA has a relatively static and easy to grasp information
capacity, reversible phosphorylation at several sites in even a single
protein encodes a potentially large amount of information, and the
calculation
of this information capacity is complex. Here, this complexity is reduced to
solving two algebraic equations, allowing the estimation of the information
capacity of a signalling protein as a function of the varying amounts of
kinases and phosphatases.
Matthew Thomson and Jeremy Gunawardena
doi:10.1038/nature08102
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08102.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08102.html
A mechanism linking extra centrosomes to chromosomal instability
pp278-282
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of many tumours and correlates
with the presence of extra centrosomes, but a direct mechanistic link
between
CIN and extra centrosomes has not been established. Live-cell imaging is now
used to demonstrate that extra centrosomes can promote chromosome
missegregation
as a consequence of cells passing through a transient 'multipolar spindle
intermediate'.
Neil J. Ganem, Susana A. Godinho and David Pellman
doi:10.1038/nature08136
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08136.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08136.html
Uniparental expression of PolIV-dependent siRNAs in developing endosperm of
Arabidopsis pp283-286
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are associated with gene silencing have
been discovered in most eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, siRNAs are now
shown to be uniparentally expressed from the maternal genome, having maximal
expression in the young developing seed. This unusual pattern of expression
provides evidence for a link between genomic imprinting and RNA silencing in
plants.
Rebecca A. Mosher et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08084
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08084.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08084.html
A histone H3 lysine 36 trimethyltransferase links Nkx2-5 to Wolf-Hirschhorn
syndrome pp287-291
Histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 36 (H3K36me3) is associated with
actively
transcribed regions and may provide landmarks for continuing transcription.
Here it is shown that the H3K36me3-specific histone methyltransferase
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome candidate 1 (WHSC1) functions in transcription
regulation together with developmental transcription factors whose defects
overlap with the human disease Wolf-Hirschorn syndrome (WHS). Furthermore,
Whsc1-deficient mice display defects similar to those seen in WHS patients.
Keisuke Nimura et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08086
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/abs/nature08086.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08086.html
----------------------
ADDENDUM
----------------------
Ionic high-pressure form of elemental boron p292
Artem R. Oganov et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08164
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08164.html
----------------------
ERRATUM
----------------------
Slow earthquakes triggered by typhoons p292
ChiChing Liu, Alan T. Linde and I. Selwyn Sacks
doi:10.1038/nature08202
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/nature08202.html
----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
Goliath p298
It's all about timing.
Bruce W. Ferguson
doi:10.1038/460298a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7252/full/460298a.html
环境科学之家（http://www.eschina.org.cn/）
| 《Nature》目录要览 — 2011-04-28出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2011-01-20出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-23出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-16出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-09出版 |
| 《Nature》目录要览：2010-12-02出版 |
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